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Microbiology > Biocatalysts (Lec) > Flashcards

Biocatalysts (Lec) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are some examples of commercial products derived from biotechnology?

A

Drugs, chemicals, enzymes, alcoholic beverages, biofuels, products from genetically engineered microorganisms.

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2
Q

Products extracted from microorganisms, such as antibiotics, alcohol, fermented products, and biofuels.

A

commercial biocatalyst

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3
Q

What is the source of penicillin antibiotics?

A

Penicillium fungi.

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4
Q

Where was insulin traditionally sourced before biotechnological methods?

A

Pancreas of pigs.

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5
Q

What organism is commonly used to produce insulin through biotechnology?

A

E. coli.

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6
Q

The use of organisms in biochemistry, microbiology, and engineering.

A

Biotechnology

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7
Q

Large scale production using microorganisms and enzyme production.

A

industrial microbiology

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8
Q

Substances used for the survival and growth of microorganisms.

A

primary metabolites

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9
Q

Give an example of a primary metabolite.

A

Alcohol.

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10
Q

What are secondary metabolites?

A

Accessory processes

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11
Q

During which growth phase do secondary metabolites like penicillin increase?

A

Stationary phase.

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12
Q

What happens to sugar levels as secondary metabolites increase?

A

Sugar levels decrease.

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13
Q

What is a large flask where nutrients are poured for producing high volumes of microbial products during fermentation?

A

Fermentor/Bioreactor

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14
Q

What functions can a fermentor or bioreactor perform?

A

Can motor/control pH.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: Primary metabolites are used for _______.

A

Survival and growth of microorganisms.

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16
Q

True or False: Secondary metabolites are produced during the exponential growth phase.

A

False, they are produced in stationary phase

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17
Q

What is the purpose of a pH probe?

A

Controls pH.

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18
Q

What is the function of an acid base reservoir & pump?

A

To add alkaline to maintain pH.

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19
Q

What is the role of a cooling jacket?

A

Cools down media.

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20
Q

What does an impeller do?

A

Mixes broth.

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21
Q

What is a sparger used for?

A

Aeration; it is a component where production oxygen is oxygenated.

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22
Q

Medications that treat bacterial infections by either killing bacteria or stopping them from multiplying

A

antibiotic

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23
Q

How long can it take to bring antibiotics to market?

A

Can take 15 years.

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24
Q

Which organisms are known for antibiotic production?

A

Bacillus sp., Streptomyces sp., Penicillium sp., Cephalosporium spp., etc.

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25
Q

When are antibiotics produced?

A

Produced in the stationary phase of microbial growth.

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26
Q

A beta-lactam antibiotic that targets beta-lactam rings

A

penicillin

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27
Q

What is required for penicillin production?

A

Corn steep liquor as carbon source with sufficient N and growth factors.

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28
Q

How does a high carbon source affect penicillin production?

A

Depletes penicillin production but not lactose.

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29
Q

What is the antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis?

A

Tetracycline (Chlorotetracycline)

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30
Q

What is the structure of chlorotetracycline?

A

Antibiotics with 4 membered naphthacene.

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31
Q

Which organism produces chlorotetracycline?

A

Streptomyces aureofaciens.

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32
Q

What represses chlorotetracyclines production?

A

Repressed by glucose and phosphate.

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33
Q

It allows microorganisms to adapt quickly to a preferred (rapidly metabolizable) carbon and energy source first

A

Catabolite repression

34
Q

What is added to corn steep liquor to enhance tetracycline production?

A

Sucrose.

35
Q

How does glucose affect tetracycline production during fermentation?

A

Glucose lessens the production of tetracycline.

36
Q

They are nutrients used in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and food industries produced by microorganisms through microbial processes.

A

vitamins and amino acids

37
Q

How much Vitamin B12 is produced per year?

A

10k tons per year.

38
Q

Why is Vitamin B12 required?

A

It is required as a growth factor by animals.

39
Q

Which microorganisms are involved in Vitamin B12 production?

A

Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Pseudomonas.

40
Q

What does Vitamin B12 need for its production?

A

It needs cobalt.

41
Q

Why do humans have low Vitamin B12?

A

Because of pernicious anemia.

42
Q

How can overall production of Vitamin B12 be improved?

A

By adding cobalt.

43
Q

How much Riboflavin is produced per year?

A

1k tons per year.

44
Q

It has FAD and FMN, involved in oxidation-reduction reactions, electron transport chain, and citric acid cycles.

A

Riboflavin

45
Q

Which microorganisms are involved in Riboflavin production?

A

Bacteria, yeast, and fungi (e.g., Ashyba gossypii).

46
Q

It is the basic structure to produce proteins and are protein monomers

A

Amino acid

47
Q

What is Glutamic Acid commonly known as?

A

MSG (monosodium glutamate), often associated with Ajinomoto.

48
Q

Which microorganism is used to produce Glutamic Acid?

A

Corynebacterium.

49
Q

What is the effect of biotin starvation on Glutamic Acid production?

A

Starvation for the coenzyme biotin increases the production of glutamine.

50
Q

What is Aspartic Acid used for?

A

It is a sweetener in drinks like soft drinks.

51
Q

It is important for humans and animals.

A

Lysine

52
Q

What happens with excess Lysine?

A

Too much lysine prevents the action of aspartokinase

53
Q

Which microorganism is used for Lysine production?

A

Corynebacterium glutamicum.

54
Q

What can Corynebacterium glutamicum produce?

A

It can produce both glutamic acid and lysine.

55
Q

They are produced in much larger amounts and are excreted into the environment (exoenzymes).

A

Microbial enzymes

56
Q

What is the function of Amylase?

A

Amylase is used to breakdown polysaccharides/sugars and produce glucose from starch.

57
Q

What are the sources of Amylase?

A

Amylase is derived from corn, wheat, or potatoes.

58
Q

What is the function of Protease?

A

Protease degrades protein and is produced in the largest amounts among enzymes.

59
Q

What are some applications of Protease?

A

Protease is used in laundry detergents along with amylases and lipases.

60
Q

What are Extremozymes?

A

Extremozymes are enzymes that function at some environmental extreme.

61
Q

What are examples of Extremozymes?

A

Examples include Taq and Pfu DNA polymerase, thermostable proteases, amylases, cellulases, and pullulanases.

62
Q

What is an enzyme that can be used in feed for the poultry industry?

A

Thermostable protease

63
Q

What is the role of Invertase?

A

Invertase is used in the production of candy and chocolates.

64
Q

What is produced by fermenting fermentable substrates (grain, vegetable, or fruit) by fungi or bacteria?

A

Alcohol

65
Q

What is the result of alcoholic beverages fermentation?

A

The result of alcoholic beverages fermentation is ethanol.

66
Q

What is wine made from?

A

Wine is made from white or red grapes.

67
Q

It involves the production of alcoholic beverages from malted grains.

A

Brewing

68
Q

What is biofuel?

A

The production of ethyl alcohol

69
Q

What is produced through yeast fermentation of glucose?

A

Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

70
Q

Which yeast species are involved in the production of ethanol?

A

The yeast species involved include Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, and Candida.

71
Q

What is biodiesel made from?

A

Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils.

72
Q

What is gasohol?

A

Gasohol is a mixture of gasoline and ethanol, with 10% ethanol added.

73
Q

What is the process of forming new combinations of heritable material by inserting nucleic acid molecules into a recipient organism?

A

Genetic engineering

74
Q

What are vehicles used for delivering foreign DNA into recipient cells? Examples include bacterial plasmids, viruses, and cosmids.

A

Vectors

75
Q

What can genetically engineered organisms produce?

A

Metabolic products that are vastly different from those of the unaltered natural recipient.

76
Q

What is an enzyme used in the manufacture of cheese?

A

Chymosin (also known as rennet or chymase)

77
Q

It is traditionally produced from calves but is now primarily produced from microorganisms like E. coli, Kluyveromyces lactis, and Aspergillus niger

A

Chymosin

78
Q

It is preferred by vegetarians and some religious organizations

A

Chymosin

79
Q

What is the growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland of cattle that enhances milk production?

A

Bovine Somatotropin (BST)

80
Q

How is BST produced using genetic engineering?

A

BST is produced through genetic engineering in E. coli using a plasmid vector.

81
Q

What is the benefit of using BST in dairy cows?

A

Dairy cows with BST produce more milk, requiring fewer cows and reducing costs.

Microbiology (14 decks)

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