Biocatalysts (Lec) Flashcards
What are some examples of commercial products derived from biotechnology?
Drugs, chemicals, enzymes, alcoholic beverages, biofuels, products from genetically engineered microorganisms.
Products extracted from microorganisms, such as antibiotics, alcohol, fermented products, and biofuels.
commercial biocatalyst
What is the source of penicillin antibiotics?
Penicillium fungi.
Where was insulin traditionally sourced before biotechnological methods?
Pancreas of pigs.
What organism is commonly used to produce insulin through biotechnology?
E. coli.
The use of organisms in biochemistry, microbiology, and engineering.
Biotechnology
Large scale production using microorganisms and enzyme production.
industrial microbiology
Substances used for the survival and growth of microorganisms.
primary metabolites
Give an example of a primary metabolite.
Alcohol.
What are secondary metabolites?
Accessory processes
During which growth phase do secondary metabolites like penicillin increase?
Stationary phase.
What happens to sugar levels as secondary metabolites increase?
Sugar levels decrease.
What is a large flask where nutrients are poured for producing high volumes of microbial products during fermentation?
Fermentor/Bioreactor
What functions can a fermentor or bioreactor perform?
Can motor/control pH.
Fill in the blank: Primary metabolites are used for _______.
Survival and growth of microorganisms.
True or False: Secondary metabolites are produced during the exponential growth phase.
False, they are produced in stationary phase
What is the purpose of a pH probe?
Controls pH.
What is the function of an acid base reservoir & pump?
To add alkaline to maintain pH.
What is the role of a cooling jacket?
Cools down media.
What does an impeller do?
Mixes broth.
What is a sparger used for?
Aeration; it is a component where production oxygen is oxygenated.
Medications that treat bacterial infections by either killing bacteria or stopping them from multiplying
antibiotic
How long can it take to bring antibiotics to market?
Can take 15 years.
Which organisms are known for antibiotic production?
Bacillus sp., Streptomyces sp., Penicillium sp., Cephalosporium spp., etc.
When are antibiotics produced?
Produced in the stationary phase of microbial growth.
A beta-lactam antibiotic that targets beta-lactam rings
penicillin
What is required for penicillin production?
Corn steep liquor as carbon source with sufficient N and growth factors.
How does a high carbon source affect penicillin production?
Depletes penicillin production but not lactose.
What is the antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis?
Tetracycline (Chlorotetracycline)
What is the structure of chlorotetracycline?
Antibiotics with 4 membered naphthacene.
Which organism produces chlorotetracycline?
Streptomyces aureofaciens.
What represses chlorotetracyclines production?
Repressed by glucose and phosphate.
It allows microorganisms to adapt quickly to a preferred (rapidly metabolizable) carbon and energy source first
Catabolite repression
What is added to corn steep liquor to enhance tetracycline production?
Sucrose.
How does glucose affect tetracycline production during fermentation?
Glucose lessens the production of tetracycline.
They are nutrients used in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and food industries produced by microorganisms through microbial processes.
vitamins and amino acids
How much Vitamin B12 is produced per year?
10k tons per year.
Why is Vitamin B12 required?
It is required as a growth factor by animals.
Which microorganisms are involved in Vitamin B12 production?
Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Pseudomonas.
What does Vitamin B12 need for its production?
It needs cobalt.
Why do humans have low Vitamin B12?
Because of pernicious anemia.
How can overall production of Vitamin B12 be improved?
By adding cobalt.
How much Riboflavin is produced per year?
1k tons per year.
It has FAD and FMN, involved in oxidation-reduction reactions, electron transport chain, and citric acid cycles.
Riboflavin
Which microorganisms are involved in Riboflavin production?
Bacteria, yeast, and fungi (e.g., Ashyba gossypii).
It is the basic structure to produce proteins and are protein monomers
Amino acid
What is Glutamic Acid commonly known as?
MSG (monosodium glutamate), often associated with Ajinomoto.
Which microorganism is used to produce Glutamic Acid?
Corynebacterium.
What is the effect of biotin starvation on Glutamic Acid production?
Starvation for the coenzyme biotin increases the production of glutamine.
What is Aspartic Acid used for?
It is a sweetener in drinks like soft drinks.
It is important for humans and animals.
Lysine
What happens with excess Lysine?
Too much lysine prevents the action of aspartokinase
Which microorganism is used for Lysine production?
Corynebacterium glutamicum.
What can Corynebacterium glutamicum produce?
It can produce both glutamic acid and lysine.
They are produced in much larger amounts and are excreted into the environment (exoenzymes).
Microbial enzymes
What is the function of Amylase?
Amylase is used to breakdown polysaccharides/sugars and produce glucose from starch.
What are the sources of Amylase?
Amylase is derived from corn, wheat, or potatoes.
What is the function of Protease?
Protease degrades protein and is produced in the largest amounts among enzymes.
What are some applications of Protease?
Protease is used in laundry detergents along with amylases and lipases.
What are Extremozymes?
Extremozymes are enzymes that function at some environmental extreme.
What are examples of Extremozymes?
Examples include Taq and Pfu DNA polymerase, thermostable proteases, amylases, cellulases, and pullulanases.
What is an enzyme that can be used in feed for the poultry industry?
Thermostable protease
What is the role of Invertase?
Invertase is used in the production of candy and chocolates.
What is produced by fermenting fermentable substrates (grain, vegetable, or fruit) by fungi or bacteria?
Alcohol
What is the result of alcoholic beverages fermentation?
The result of alcoholic beverages fermentation is ethanol.
What is wine made from?
Wine is made from white or red grapes.
It involves the production of alcoholic beverages from malted grains.
Brewing
What is biofuel?
The production of ethyl alcohol
What is produced through yeast fermentation of glucose?
Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
Which yeast species are involved in the production of ethanol?
The yeast species involved include Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, and Candida.
What is biodiesel made from?
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils.
What is gasohol?
Gasohol is a mixture of gasoline and ethanol, with 10% ethanol added.
What is the process of forming new combinations of heritable material by inserting nucleic acid molecules into a recipient organism?
Genetic engineering
What are vehicles used for delivering foreign DNA into recipient cells? Examples include bacterial plasmids, viruses, and cosmids.
Vectors
What can genetically engineered organisms produce?
Metabolic products that are vastly different from those of the unaltered natural recipient.
What is an enzyme used in the manufacture of cheese?
Chymosin (also known as rennet or chymase)
It is traditionally produced from calves but is now primarily produced from microorganisms like E. coli, Kluyveromyces lactis, and Aspergillus niger
Chymosin
It is preferred by vegetarians and some religious organizations
Chymosin
What is the growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland of cattle that enhances milk production?
Bovine Somatotropin (BST)
How is BST produced using genetic engineering?
BST is produced through genetic engineering in E. coli using a plasmid vector.
What is the benefit of using BST in dairy cows?
Dairy cows with BST produce more milk, requiring fewer cows and reducing costs.
