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Microbioloy > microbial metabolism book > Flashcards

microbial metabolism book Flashcards

1
Q

What are exergonic reactions

A

reactions that are spontaneous and release energy

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2
Q

what are endergonic reactions

A

reactions that require energy to proceed

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3
Q

what is anabolism

A

endergonic metabolic pathways involved in biosynthesis, converting simple molecular building blocks into more complex molecules

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4
Q

what fuels anabolism

A

cellular energy

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5
Q

what is catabolism

A

exergonic pathways that breakdown complex molecules into simpler ones

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6
Q

What are the two types of chemotrophs

A

organotrophs and lithotrophs

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7
Q

what are organotrophs

A

chemotrophs that get energy from organic compounds

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8
Q

examples of organotrophs

A

humans, fungi, prokaryotesw

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9
Q

what are lithotrophs

A

chemotriphs that get energy from inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and reduced iron

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10
Q

energy source, carbon source of chemoautotrophs

A

chemical
inorganic

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11
Q

examples of chemoautotrophs

A

hydrogen, sulfur, iron, nitrogen and carbon monoxide oxidizing bacteria

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12
Q

energy source and carbon source of chemoheterotrophs

A

chemical
organic coumpounds

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13
Q

examples of chemoheterotrophs

A

chemical
organic compounds

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14
Q

examples of chemoheterotrophs

A

all animals, most fungi, protozoa, and bacteria

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15
Q

energy source and carbon source of photoautotrophs

A

light
inorganic

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16
Q

energy source and carbon source of photoheterotrophs

A

light
organic comounds

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17
Q

examples of photoautotrophs

A

all plants, algae, cyanobacteria and green and purple sulfur bacteria

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18
Q

examples of photoheterotrophs

A

green and purple non sulfur bacteria, heliobacteria

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19
Q

what are oxidation reactions

A

reactions that remove electrons from donor molecules leaving them oxidized

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20
Q

what are reduction reactions

A

reactions that add electrons to acceptor molecules, leaving them reduced.

21
Q

what are electron carriers

A

molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways

22
Q

where do the principle electron carries originate from

A

B vitamins

23
Q

what is the most common mobile electron carrier used in catabolism

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD/NADH)

24
Q

what is nad+

A

the is the oxidized form of the molecule

25
Q

what is nadh

A

the reduced form of the molecule

26
Q

What is NADP+

A

NAD+ that carries an extra phosphate group

27
Q

what does NADP+ form when reduced

A

NADPH

28
Q

what is FAD

A

the oxidized form of flavin adenine dinucleotide

29
Q

what is FADH2

A

reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide

30
Q

what do NAD/NADH, have in common with FAD/FADH2

A

they are used in energy extraction from sugars during catabolism in chemoheterotrophs

31
Q

what do NADP+ and NADPH play an important role in

A

anabolic reactions and photosynthesis

32
Q

What is adenosine monophosphate composed of

A

an adenine molecule bonded to a ribose molecule and a single phosphate group

33
Q

what is ribose

A

a five carbon sugar found in RNA, while amp is a nucleotide in RNA

34
Q

what is adenosine diphosphate

A

the second phosphate group added to amp

35
Q

what is adding a phosphate group to a molecule called

A

phosphorylation

36
Q

why are ADP and ATP unstable

A

phosphate groups are negatively charged and repel one another when they are arranged in series

37
Q

what is a catalys

A

substance that helps speed up a chemical reaction that is not used or changed during chemical reactions

38
Q

what are enzymes

A

catalysts for biochemical reaction inside a cell that play a role in cellular metabolism

39
Q

how does an enzyme function

A

by lowering activation energy of a chemical reaction inside a cell

40
Q

what is activation energy

A

energy needed to form or break chemical bonds and convert reactants to products

41
Q

how do enzymes lower activation energy

A

by binding to the reactant molecules and holding them in such a way as to speed up the reaction

42
Q

what are substrates

A

chemical reactants to which and enzyme binds

43
Q

what is an active site

A

where the substrate binds

44
Q

what is an apoenzyme

A

an enzyme lacking a necessary cofactor or coenzyme and is inactive

45
Q

what is a holoenzyme

A

an enzyme that has its necessary associated cofactor or coenzyme

46
Q

How does a noncompetitive inhibitor block a substrate

A

by inducing conformational change that reduces the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate

47
Q

what are allosteric activators

A

they bind to locations on an enzyme away from the activation site inducing conformation change that increases the affinity of the active site.

48
Q
A

Microbioloy (10 decks)

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