microbial metabolism book

Question 1

What are exergonic reactions

Answer 1

reactions that are spontaneous and release energy

Question 2

what are endergonic reactions

Answer 2

reactions that require energy to proceed

Question 3

what is anabolism

Answer 3

endergonic metabolic pathways involved in biosynthesis, converting simple molecular building blocks into more complex molecules

Question 4

what fuels anabolism

Answer 4

cellular energy

Question 5

what is catabolism

Answer 5

exergonic pathways that breakdown complex molecules into simpler ones

Question 6

What are the two types of chemotrophs

Answer 6

organotrophs and lithotrophs

Question 7

what are organotrophs

Answer 7

chemotrophs that get energy from organic compounds

Question 8

examples of organotrophs

Answer 8

humans, fungi, prokaryotesw

Question 9

what are lithotrophs

Answer 9

chemotriphs that get energy from inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and reduced iron

Question 10

energy source, carbon source of chemoautotrophs

Answer 10

chemical
inorganic

Question 11

examples of chemoautotrophs

Answer 11

hydrogen, sulfur, iron, nitrogen and carbon monoxide oxidizing bacteria

Question 12

energy source and carbon source of chemoheterotrophs

Answer 12

chemical
organic coumpounds

Question 13

examples of chemoheterotrophs

Answer 13

chemical
organic compounds

Question 14

examples of chemoheterotrophs

Answer 14

all animals, most fungi, protozoa, and bacteria

Question 15

energy source and carbon source of photoautotrophs

Answer 15

light
inorganic

Question 16

energy source and carbon source of photoheterotrophs

Answer 16

light
organic comounds

Question 17

examples of photoautotrophs

Answer 17

all plants, algae, cyanobacteria and green and purple sulfur bacteria

Question 18

examples of photoheterotrophs

Answer 18

green and purple non sulfur bacteria, heliobacteria

Question 19

what are oxidation reactions

Answer 19

reactions that remove electrons from donor molecules leaving them oxidized

Question 20

what are reduction reactions

Answer 20

reactions that add electrons to acceptor molecules, leaving them reduced.

Question 21

what are electron carriers

Answer 21

molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways

Question 22

where do the principle electron carries originate from

Answer 22

B vitamins

Question 23

what is the most common mobile electron carrier used in catabolism

Answer 23

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD/NADH)

Question 24

what is nad+

Answer 24

the is the oxidized form of the molecule

Question 25

what is nadh

Answer 25

the reduced form of the molecule

Question 26

What is NADP+

Answer 26

NAD+ that carries an extra phosphate group

Question 27

what does NADP+ form when reduced

Answer 27

NADPH

Question 28

what is FAD

Answer 28

the oxidized form of flavin adenine dinucleotide

Question 29

what is FADH2

Answer 29

reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide

Question 30

what do NAD/NADH, have in common with FAD/FADH2

Answer 30

they are used in energy extraction from sugars during catabolism in chemoheterotrophs

Question 31

what do NADP+ and NADPH play an important role in

Answer 31

anabolic reactions and photosynthesis

Question 32

What is adenosine monophosphate composed of

Answer 32

an adenine molecule bonded to a ribose molecule and a single phosphate group

Question 33

what is ribose

Answer 33

a five carbon sugar found in RNA, while amp is a nucleotide in RNA

Question 34

what is adenosine diphosphate

Answer 34

the second phosphate group added to amp

Question 35

what is adding a phosphate group to a molecule called

Answer 35

phosphorylation

Question 36

why are ADP and ATP unstable

Answer 36

phosphate groups are negatively charged and repel one another when they are arranged in series

Question 37

what is a catalys

Answer 37

substance that helps speed up a chemical reaction that is not used or changed during chemical reactions

Question 38

what are enzymes

Answer 38

catalysts for biochemical reaction inside a cell that play a role in cellular metabolism

Question 39

how does an enzyme function

Answer 39

by lowering activation energy of a chemical reaction inside a cell

Question 40

what is activation energy

Answer 40

energy needed to form or break chemical bonds and convert reactants to products

Question 41

how do enzymes lower activation energy

Answer 41

by binding to the reactant molecules and holding them in such a way as to speed up the reaction

Question 42

what are substrates

Answer 42

chemical reactants to which and enzyme binds

Question 43

what is an active site

Answer 43

where the substrate binds

Question 44

what is an apoenzyme

Answer 44

an enzyme lacking a necessary cofactor or coenzyme and is inactive

Question 45

what is a holoenzyme

Answer 45

an enzyme that has its necessary associated cofactor or coenzyme

Question 46

How does a noncompetitive inhibitor block a substrate

Answer 46

by inducing conformational change that reduces the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate

Question 47

what are allosteric activators

Answer 47

they bind to locations on an enzyme away from the activation site inducing conformation change that increases the affinity of the active site.