microbial metabolism book Flashcards
What are exergonic reactions
reactions that are spontaneous and release energy
what are endergonic reactions
reactions that require energy to proceed
what is anabolism
endergonic metabolic pathways involved in biosynthesis, converting simple molecular building blocks into more complex molecules
what fuels anabolism
cellular energy
what is catabolism
exergonic pathways that breakdown complex molecules into simpler ones
What are the two types of chemotrophs
organotrophs and lithotrophs
what are organotrophs
chemotrophs that get energy from organic compounds
examples of organotrophs
humans, fungi, prokaryotesw
what are lithotrophs
chemotriphs that get energy from inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and reduced iron
energy source, carbon source of chemoautotrophs
chemical
inorganic
examples of chemoautotrophs
hydrogen, sulfur, iron, nitrogen and carbon monoxide oxidizing bacteria
energy source and carbon source of chemoheterotrophs
chemical
organic coumpounds
examples of chemoheterotrophs
chemical
organic compounds
examples of chemoheterotrophs
all animals, most fungi, protozoa, and bacteria
energy source and carbon source of photoautotrophs
light
inorganic
energy source and carbon source of photoheterotrophs
light
organic comounds
examples of photoautotrophs
all plants, algae, cyanobacteria and green and purple sulfur bacteria
examples of photoheterotrophs
green and purple non sulfur bacteria, heliobacteria
what are oxidation reactions
reactions that remove electrons from donor molecules leaving them oxidized
what are reduction reactions
reactions that add electrons to acceptor molecules, leaving them reduced.
what are electron carriers
molecules that bind to and shuttle high-energy electrons between compounds in pathways
where do the principle electron carries originate from
B vitamins
what is the most common mobile electron carrier used in catabolism
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD/NADH)
what is nad+
the is the oxidized form of the molecule
what is nadh
the reduced form of the molecule
What is NADP+
NAD+ that carries an extra phosphate group
what does NADP+ form when reduced
NADPH
what is FAD
the oxidized form of flavin adenine dinucleotide
what is FADH2
reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide
what do NAD/NADH, have in common with FAD/FADH2
they are used in energy extraction from sugars during catabolism in chemoheterotrophs
what do NADP+ and NADPH play an important role in
anabolic reactions and photosynthesis
What is adenosine monophosphate composed of
an adenine molecule bonded to a ribose molecule and a single phosphate group
what is ribose
a five carbon sugar found in RNA, while amp is a nucleotide in RNA
what is adenosine diphosphate
the second phosphate group added to amp
what is adding a phosphate group to a molecule called
phosphorylation
why are ADP and ATP unstable
phosphate groups are negatively charged and repel one another when they are arranged in series
what is a catalys
substance that helps speed up a chemical reaction that is not used or changed during chemical reactions
what are enzymes
catalysts for biochemical reaction inside a cell that play a role in cellular metabolism
how does an enzyme function
by lowering activation energy of a chemical reaction inside a cell
what is activation energy
energy needed to form or break chemical bonds and convert reactants to products
how do enzymes lower activation energy
by binding to the reactant molecules and holding them in such a way as to speed up the reaction
what are substrates
chemical reactants to which and enzyme binds
what is an active site
where the substrate binds
what is an apoenzyme
an enzyme lacking a necessary cofactor or coenzyme and is inactive
what is a holoenzyme
an enzyme that has its necessary associated cofactor or coenzyme
How does a noncompetitive inhibitor block a substrate
by inducing conformational change that reduces the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate
what are allosteric activators
they bind to locations on an enzyme away from the activation site inducing conformation change that increases the affinity of the active site.
