ch 4.3 nonproteobacter Flashcards
What are the four categories of nonproteobacteria
chlamydia
spirochetes
CFB group
planctomycetes
what is C. trachoma’s
human pathogen that causes trachoma a disease of the eye that leads to blindness and sexually transmitted disease lymphogranuloma venereum
describe members of the genus chlamydia
gram negative, obligate intracellular pathogens that are resistant to cellular defenses giving them ability to spread from host to host rapidly via elementary bodies
what are elementary bodies
endospore like form of intracellular bacteria that enter epithelial cell where they become metabolically and reproductively active
What are spirochetes characterized as
spiral shaped bodies, most are very thin making it difficult to examine gram-stained preparations under brightfieqld microscope
highly motile, use axial filament to propel themselves
what is axial filament
similar to flagellum but it wraps around the cell and runs inside the cell body of a spirochete in the periplasmic space between outer membrane and plasma membrane
Examples of spirochetes
Genus treponema which includes
T. Pallidum pallidum
T palidum pertenue
T. pallidum carateum
t. pallidum endemicum
what causes syphilis
T pallidum pallidum
what do other T pallidum subspecies cause
tropical infectious diseases of skin bones and joints
What does Borrelia contain
B. burgodrferi (Lyme disease)
What similarities do the CFB group have
sequence of nucleotides in their DNA
rod-shaped bacteria adapted to anaerobic environments such as gums, gut and rumen
avid fermenters able to process cellulose in Ruben `
what are cytophaga
motile aquatic bacteria that glide
inhabit human mouth and may cause severe infectious disease
what do bactericides include
species in the human large intestine 30% of gut
how much bactericide cells in 1g human gut
100 billion
what is the relationship between us and bacteroids
mutualistic
they get nutrients and we get ability to prevent pathogens from colonizing large intestine
where are planctomycetes found
aquatic environments, freshwater, saltwater and brackish water
what makes planctomycetes unusual
they reproduce by budding
mother cells forms a bud that detaches from the mother and lives as an independent cell (motile and not attached to a surface
describe nonproteobacteria morphology and unusual characteristics of chlamydia
Gram negative, coccoid or ovoid
obligatory intracellular bacteria can cause chlamydia, trachoma and pneumonia
describe nonproteobacteria morphology and unusual characteristics of bacteroides
gram negative bacillus
obligate anaerobic bacteria
In GI tract
usually mutualistic but can be opportunistic pathogen
describe nonproteobacteria morphology and unusual characteristics of cytophaga
gram negative bacillus
motile by gliding
live in soil or water
decompose cellulose
may cause disease in fish
describe nonproteobacteria morphology and unusual characteristics of fusobacterium
gram negative bacillus with pointed ends
anaerobic
form biofilms
can cause periodontitis, ulcers
describe nonproteobacteria morphology and unusual characteristics of leptospira
spiral shaped bacterium, gram negative-like (view in dark field
aerobic
abundant in shallow water reservoirs
infects rodents and domestic animals
describe nonproteobacteria morphology and unusual characteristics of treponema
gram-negative-like spirochete, very thin, use dark field microscope
motile
to not grow in culture
causes syphilis
describe nonproteobacteria morphology and unusual characteristics of borrelia
gram-negative-like spirochete
causes Lyme disease
what are phototrophic bacteria
bacteria that are not a taxon but a group that use sunlight as primary source of energy
what happens when phototrophic bacteria do not produce oxygen
they perform an oxygenic photosynthesis except cyanobacteria
what are bacteriochlorophylls
green, purple or blue pigments that similar to chlorophyll in plants
what do purple surfer bacteria do
oxidize hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid and get their purple color from bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoids
what are chromatium
purple sulfur gammaproteobacteria that are strict anaerobes and live in water
how do chromatium suvive
use carbon dioxide as their only source of carbon and need sulfites as electron donors to survive
what are green sulfur bacteria
bacteria that use sulfide for oxidation and produce large amounts of green bacteriochlorphyll
what are chlorobium
free sulfur bacteria that use 4 types of chlorophyll for photosynthesis that is stored in chlorosomes
what makes purple non-sulfur bacteria different from purple sulfur bacteria
they use hydrogen rather than hydrogen sulfide for oxidation
what is an example of purple nonsulfer bacteria
rhodospirillum
characteristics of rhodospirillum
are facultative anaerobes that are pink and can metabolize nitrogen
potential to produce biological plastic and hydrogen fuel
how are green non sulfur bacteria different to green sulfur bacteria
they use substrates other than sulfides for oxidation
what is chloroflexus
green non sulfur bacterium that is orange when growing in the dark but green when it grows in sunlight.
what does chloroflexus have in common with chlorobium
it stores bacteriochlorophyll in chlorosomes
why kind of photosynthesis does chloroflexus perform
an oxygenic using organic sulfites or hydrogen as electron donors
what does chloroflexus have in common with cytophaga
it does not have flagella but can glide
what temperature does chloroflexus live
35-70 C making it thermophilic
where do cyanobacteria get their color
chlorophyll contained in cells
describe cyanobacteria
perform oxygen photosynthesis producing megatons of gaseous oxygen
where do cyanobacteria live
marien and freshwater, soil and rocks in a wide range of temperatures including antarctic
how do cyanobacteria live
as unicellular organisms or in colonies, can be filamentous forming sheaths or biofilms
can fix nitrogen, converting nitrogen into nitrites and nitrates that other species can use
describe photosynthesis in cyanobacteria
oxygenic, using chlorophyll like plants and algae
what gives cyanobacteria their blue color
phycocyanin and cyanophycin in organelles called phycobillisomes and folds of the cellular membrane
how does cyanobacteria affect human health
microcystis can form harmful blooms releasing toxins that are wild life and humans, can cause tumors of liver and nervous system diseases
What identifies a prokaryote as gram positive
a multiple layer matrix of peptidoglycan forming the cell wall that readily retains the crystal violet stain
what is another characteristic to classify gram-positive prokaryotes
The guanine to cytosine ratio in the DNA and composition of 16S rRNA subunits
what does actinobacteria comprise
high G+C gram-positive bacteria that have 50% guanine and cytosine nucleotides
what does the bacilli comprise of
low G+C nucleotides in dna
What do actinobacteria look like
can be thin filamentous bringing rods to coccobacilli some are large and complex while others are small independent organsisms
where do actinobacteria live
most live in soil but some are aquatic, most are aerobic
what is a distinctive feature of actinobacteria
several different peptidoglycan in the cell wall
What are actinomyces
a genus of actinobacteria that play an important role in soil ecology and some are human pathogens
what’re do actinomycete live
the Human mouth and cause things such as periodontitis and oral abscesses
what is A. israelii
a species of actinomycete that causes endocarditis
what is the genus mycobacterium
bacilli covered with mycelia acid coat
what does mycelia acid coat do
protects bacteria from some ABX, prevents from drying out and blocks penetration of gram stain reagents
what must you use to stain mycobacterium
acid fast staining
why is the genus mycobacterium important
its a cause of a diverse group of infectious disease TB and leprosy
what do bacteria in the genus corynebacterium contain
diaminopimelic acid in their cell walls and often form palisades or pairs of rod shaped cells resembling the letter v
what are metachromatic granules
intercellular storage of inorganic phosphates that are useful for identification of corynebacterium
what is a pathogenic species of corynebacterium
diphtheria
what does the genus bifidobacterium consist of
filamentous anaerobes that are found in GI tract, vagina and mouth
What does the genus gardnerella contain
G. vaginalis
what does it mean that gardnerella is gram variable
its small coccobacilli do not show consistent results when stained but is considered gram positive due to high G+C
What does G. vaginalis cause
bacterial vaginosis
Describe actinobacteria morphology and characteristics of
gram-positive
in colonies
shows fungus like threads
facultative anaerobe, in soil, decompose organic matter in human mouth and may cause gum disease
Describe actinobacteria morphology and characteristics of arthrobacter
gram positive bacillus or coccus
obligate aerobes that divided by snapping forming v like pairs of daughter cells
degrade phenol and can be used in bioremediation
Describe actinobacteria morphology and characteristics of bifidobacterium
gram positive filamentous actiobacterium
anaerobes commonly found in the human gut microbiotia
Describe actinobacteria morphology and characteristics of frank
gram-positive fungus like (filamentous) bacillus
nitrogen fixing bacteria, live in symbiosis with legumes
Describe actinobacteria morphology and characteristics of corynebacterium
gram positive fbacillus
aerobes or facultative anaerobes
form palisades
grow slow
require enriched media in culture
casuses diptheria
Describe actinobacteria morphology and characteristics of gardnerella
gram-variable coccobacillus
colonize human vagina, may alter microbial ecology leading to vaginosis
Describe actinobacteria morphology and characteristics of micrococcus
gram positive coccus, form microscopic clusters
ubiquitous in the environment and on the human skin
oxidase-positive, some are opportuistic
Describe actinobacteria morphology and characteristics of mycobacterium
gram-positive acid fast bacillus
slow growing, aerobic resistant to drying and phagocytosis
covered in mycelia acid
can cause leprocy and TB
Describe actinobacteria morphology and characteristics of nocardia
weakly gram positive bacillus
forms acid fast branches
may colonize gingiva
may cause severe pneumonia and inflammation of skin
Describe actinobacteria morphology and characteristics of propionibacterium
gram-positive bacillus
aerotolerant anaerobe
slow growing
P. acnes reproduces in human sebaceous glands and can contribute to acne
Describe actinobacteria morphology and characteristics of rhodococcus
gram- positive bacillus
strict aerobe
used in biodegradation of pollutants
can be plant pathogen or cause pneumonia
Describe actinobacteria morphology and characteristics of streptomyces
gram-positive fungus like bacillus
> 500 species
aerobic spore forming bacteria,
scavengers, decomposers found in soil
used as antibiotic
describe clostridium
rod shaped bacteria that are obligate anaerobes that produce endospor3es and cane found in anaerobic habitats like soil and aquatic sediments rich in organic nutrients
what does C. perfringens cause
3rd most common cause of food poisoning in the US and causative agent of gas gangrene
when does gas gangrene occur
when C. perfringens endospores enter a wound, germinate and become viable bacteria producing a toxin that can cause necrosis of tissue
What does C. tetani cause
a neurotoxin to enter neurons and cause tetanus
what does C. botulinum produce
botulism neurotoxin that blow the release of acetylcholine in neuromuscular junctions can be used to treat muscle issues (botox)
Describe lactobacillales
comprises low G+C gram-positive bacteria that include bacilli and cocci
what genera are in lactobacillales
lactobacillus
leuconostoc
enterococcus
streptococcus
describe streptococcus
is responsible for infectious disease in humans usually classified by serotypes called lance field groups and their ability to lyse red blood cells when grown on blood agar
what are S. progenies
they belong to lance field group a, b hemolytic streptococcus
what is S. progenies considered
a pyogenic pathogen because of the associated pus production with infections it causes
what does S. pyogenes cause
pharyngitis
impetigo
necrotizing fasciitis
what are nonpyogenic streptococci
group of streptococcal species that are not a taxon bur are grouped because they inhabit the human mouth. they do not belong to a lance field group
what is S. pneumoniae
a streptococcus that does not belong to a lancfield group
describe S. pneumoniae
diplococci, pairs of cells instead of Long chains like most streptococci
what can S. Pneumoniae cause
pneumonia
meningitis
septicemia
osteomyelitis
endocarditis
What are the two important bacilli genera
bacillus and staphylococcus
describe bacteria in the bacillus genus
bacillus in shape and can produce endospores
include aerobes or facultative anaerobes
what are bacillus used for
production of abx, enzymes, detergents
two notable pathogens that belong to the genus bacillus
B. anthraces (anthrax)
B. cereus (food poisoning)
B. thuringiensis (substances used as insecticides)
describe B. cereus
Rod shaped species that forms chains, colonies appear milky white
what genus does staphylococcus belong to
bacilli
describe staphylococcus
facultative anaerobic, halophilic, nonmotile,
includes S. epidermis and s aureus
what does s. aureus cause
skin infection that produce boils, carbuncles, cellulitis or impetigo, can cause enterotoxin, can cause toxic shock syndrome
describe mycoplasma
they do not possess a cell wall and cannot be gram stained but is still included with low G+C bacteria
what makes mycoplasma unique
they are pleomorphic
what does pleomorphic mean
they may take on a variety of shapes and can even resemble animal cells
describe low G+C positive bacteria morphology and characteristics of bacillus
large, gram positive bacillus
aerobes or facultative anaerobes
form endospores
cause anthrax
may cause food poisoning
describe low G+C positive bacteria morphology and characteristics of clostridium
gram-positive bacillus
strict anaerobes
form endospores
cause tetanus, gas gangrene botulism and colitis
describe low G+C positive bacteria morphology and characteristics of enterococcus
gram-positive coccus
forms microscopic pairs in culture resembling streptococcus pneumoniae
anaerobic aerotolerant bacteria
in GI tract, may cause UTI
describe low G+C positive bacteria morphology and characteristics of lactobacillus
gram positive bacillus
facultative anaerobes,
ferment sugars into lactic acid
part of vaginal microbiota
used as probiotics
describe low G+C positive bacteria morphology and characteristics of leuconostoc
gram-positive coccus, may form microscopic chains in culture
fermenter, used in food industry to produce sauerkraut and kefir
describe low G+C positive bacteria morphology and characteristics of mycoplasma
smallest bacteria, appear pleomorphic under electron microscope
no cell wall
classified due to genome
causes walking pneumonia
describe low G+C positive bacteria morphology and characteristics of staphylococcus
gram- positive coccus, forms microscopic clusters that resemble grapes
tolerate high salt concentration
facultative anaerobes, produce catalase, s aureus can also produce coagulase and toxins
describe low G+C positive bacteria morphology and characteristics of streptococcus
gram positive coccus, forms chains or pairs in culture
diverse, classified in groups based on sharing certain antigens, some species cause hemolysis and pay produce toxins responsible for human disease
describe low G+C positive bacteria morphology and characteristics of ureaplasma
similar to mycoplasma
part of human vaginal and lower Urinary microbiota can lead to inflammation, scarring and infertility
what does the true or root of the tree represent
common ancient evolutionary ancestor (last common ancestor)
what are the branches on phylogenic tree
evolutionary decendants
what are deeply branching bacteria considered
the first of the non LUCA forms of life
what can we hypothesize about ancient bacteria
they were thermophiles or hyperthermophiles (thrived at high temps)
what is acetothermus paucivorans
a gram negative anaerobic bacterium discovered in sewage sludge deepest branching bacteria
What is the class aquificae
deeply branching bacteria that are adapted to the harshest conditions on earth. live in hot springs at temps higher than 90 C
where are a. Pyrophilus found
near underwater volcanoes and thermal ocean vents where water temp reaches 138C. use inorganic substances as nutrients. reduces nitrogen in anaerobic conditions
describe the class thermotogae
mostly hyperthermophilic with some mesophilic anaerobic gram-negative bacteria whose cells are wrapped in a sheath-like outermsmbrane called toga
what makes thermotogae cell wall unusual
it contains diaminopimelic acid and d-lysine
where does T. maritime live
near the thermal ocean vents
what is D. radiodurans considred
a polyextremeophil due to ability to survive in many different extreme conditions. it can withstand ionizing radiation that kills other known bacteria
How does archer differ from bacteria
the cellmembrain is composed of ether linkages with branded isoprene chains instead of star linkages with unbranched fatty acids
cell walls lack peptidoglycan but contain similar substances
(psuedopeptidoglycan)
the genomes are larger and more coplex
What habitat are arches found in
any, including those hostile to most other forms of life
what metabolism can archer perform that bacteria and eukaryotes cannot
methanogenesis
what are the five major phyla of archaea
crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, korarchaeota, nanoarcheota thaumarchaeota
are arches known to be associated with infectious disease
no, also not in human microbiota
what are crenarchaeota
a class of archaea that is extremely diverse and differ vastly in morphology and requirements for growth
where are all crenarchaeota found
aquatic environments and most abundant microorganism in oceans
what are archaea of the genus sulfolobus
thermophiles that prefer tens around 70-80C and acidophilus that prefer PH of 2-3
what conditions do sulfolobus live in
aerobic or anaerobic environments
how do sulfolobu live in the presents of oxygen
with metabolic processes similar to heterotrophs
how do sulfolobus live in anaerobic environments
they oxidize sulfur to produce sulfuric acid that is stored in granules
what are sulfolobus used for
production of thermostable acid-resistant proteins called affitins
what do affitins do
they can bind and neutralize various antigens
describe thermoproteus
anaerobic organisms with an optimal growth temp of 85, they flagella and are motile
have a cellular membrane in which lipids from a monolayer
metabolisms is autotrophic
reduce sulfur or molecular hydrogen and use carbon monoxide or dioxide as a source
deepest branching genus of archaea
What classes can be described as methanogens
methanobacteria
methanococci
methanomicrobia
what makes methanogens unique
they can reduce carbon dioxide in the pretense of hydrogen producing methane,
what environments do methanogens live in
themes extreme environments from below freezing to above boiling , in hot springs and deep under ice, they may live on mars.
what is included in the class halobacteria
halophilic archaea,
what do halo bacteria require
high concentrations of sodium chloride in their aquatic environment, close to 36% such as the Dead Sea
what is remarkable about halobacteria
they perform photosynthesis using the protein bacteriorhodopsin which give them and their bodies of water a purple color.
