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Microbioloy > microbial metabolism > Flashcards

microbial metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism

A

the total of all reactions occurring in a cell

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2
Q

What is hydrolysis. why is it called that

A

The building and braking of polymers into monomers.
water is used to break the covalent bond

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3
Q

what is a catabolic process.

A

the same as hydrolysis but the breaking down of a molecule also releases energy

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4
Q

what is an exergonic reaction

A

the release of energy through catabolism

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5
Q

what do exergonic reactions fuel

A

endergonic reactions

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6
Q

what do endergonic reactions do

A

consume energy to synthesize polymers from monomers

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7
Q

what are anabolic reactions

A

when cellular energy is used in synthesis process.

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8
Q

what is energy

A

the capacity to do work

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9
Q

what is mechanical work

A

any form of movement ranging from the movement of an entire organism or molecules within a cell

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10
Q

what is chemical work

A

the breaking and building of molecules which involve the rearranging of atoms

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11
Q

what is transport work

A

the movement of a molecule across a membrane such as ATP moving an ion

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12
Q

what is something actually working called

A

kinetic energy

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13
Q

what is potential energy

A

stored available energy

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14
Q

how is energy in a cell created

A

it is transferred from one form to another, from potential to kinetic and back to potential,

energy within the bonds of electrons is the potential energy

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15
Q

What is ATP

A

the energy molecule of the cell that powers all forms of work

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16
Q

what makes ATP a valuable source of energy

A

The 3rd phosphate bond

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17
Q

what kind of bond is the phosphate bond in ATP

A

covalent

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18
Q

What makes the Phosphate bond in ATP different

A

it is higher in energy and more easily broken

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19
Q

what is phosphorylation

A

the cycle of removing the third phosphate attachment to another molecule to provide energy for work

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20
Q

what is ADP

A

ATP with two phosphate groups (half charged phone battery)

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21
Q

what is AMP

A

ATP with only 1 phosphate (about to die)

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22
Q

words associated with catabolic

A

energy producing reactions

metabolic
breaks polymers to make monomers
atp becomes ADP
process of doing work

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23
Q

things associated with anabolic

A

storing energy for work
metabolic
formation of ATP
energy using reaction
building polymers from monomers

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24
Q

What does the mitochondria do

A

convert food energy into atp

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25
Q

how do bacteria convert food into atp

A

their cell membrane

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26
Q

how is most atp synthesized

A

chemiosmosis of cellular respiration

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27
Q

how does cellular respiration get its name

A

the fact that oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is expelled as a waste product.

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28
Q

what is required fro chemiosmosis

A

hydrogen ions
atp synthase enzyme
a membraine

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29
Q

what is atp synthase

A

the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of phosphorylating the ADP, creating atp.

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30
Q

what is the Christie of the mitochondrion

A

the folded inner membrane that increases surface area allowing more reactions to occur at once

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31
Q

what powers ATP synthase

A

the flow of hydrogen ions through the center of the enzyme from the outside of the membrane to the inside of the membrane

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32
Q

what establishes the gradient in the mitochondria

A

hydrogen ions on the outside of the membrane, the higher number of hydrogen ions

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33
Q

how long are ions kept on the outside of the membrane

A

until there is a high enough gradient to provide energy to the enzyme

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34
Q

what is required to establish the hydrogen ion gradient

A

the electron transport chain

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35
Q

what is the electron transport chain

A

a series of protein channels used to pump hydrogen ions from the inside to the outside of the membraine

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36
Q

What provides the hydrogens for the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

A

glycolysis and the Krebs cycle and carried to the membrane by NADH and FAD

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37
Q

what is the main goal of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

A

to phosphorylate ADP into ATP

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38
Q

where do the hydrogen ions and electrons come from

A

the bonds within organic molecules

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39
Q

what is the primary molecule used to get hydrogen and electrons

A

glucose, a monosaccharide

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40
Q

what does glycolysis mean

A

sugar splitting, breaking down glucose

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41
Q

what can be used in glycolysis if glucose is not available

A

the glycerol portion of a fat

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42
Q

Why are free hydrogen ions in the cell dangerous

A

they lower the PH of the cell

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43
Q

what is PH

A

the measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

more=acidic
less=basic

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44
Q

how can the amount of hydrogen ions be reduced

A

connecting them to an organic or inorganic molecule

45
Q

what is reduction

A

connecting a molecule to any free ion or electron

46
Q

what is oxidation

A

the splitting apart of a molecule

47
Q

What do NAD and FAD do in cellular respiration

A

they pick up electrons and hydrogens that have been released and take them to the membrane for electron transport to occur

48
Q

what shares electrons with NAD and FAD

A

hydrogen

49
Q

what kind of bond is glucose

A

covalent

50
Q

what does a covalent bond represent

A

the sharing of two electrons

51
Q

what is the end product of glycolysis

A

pyruvate

52
Q

what happens to pyruvate

A

it either continues int the orbs cycle or used I frementation

53
Q

what determines what will happen to pyruvate

A

available oxygen or preferential pathways of a microbe

54
Q

How many ATP molecules does fermentation produce

A

2

55
Q

how many atp molecules does aerobic cellular respiration produce

A

36

56
Q

what do all catabolic process do

A

release hydrogen and electrons

57
Q

what is the final acceptor of aerobic cellular respiration

A

oxygen gas resulting in water

58
Q

what is the final accepter in anaerobic cellular respiration

A

an inorganic molecule orion

59
Q

what is the final acceptor of a microbe going through fermentation

A

an organic molecule resulting in either acid or alcoholic product

60
Q

What does pyruvate need to be modified into to enter the Krebs cycle

A

into acetyl CoAw

61
Q

what is the goal of the Krebs cycle

A

to complete the process of breakdown of the original glucose until all of the electrons and hydrogens are carried to the electron transport chain

62
Q

what is the waste product of the Krebs cycle

A

The six-carbon glucose is oxidized and the carbons are bound with oxygen to make six molecules of carbon dioxide

63
Q

what is the main product of the kern cycle

A

six NADH and two FADH2 carried to the electron transport system

64
Q

how many Krebs cycle for each glycolysis

A

2

65
Q

What do anabolic reactions do

A

consume energy and build larger molecuels

66
Q

where do the building blocks or monomers from anabolic reactions come from

A

the nutrients that a microbe requires or from a molecule already in the cell

67
Q

What controls chemical reactions in a cell

A

enzymes

68
Q

what are enzymes

A

three dimensional proteins that act as a catalyst

69
Q

what is the active site of a protein

A

where the action of the substrate will occur

70
Q

what is a substrate

A

the molecule that is going to be acted upon and made to change for the reaction to occur

71
Q

what do enzyme catalyzed reactions ensure

A

the cell has the right amount of cellular product at the right time

72
Q

When are molecules stable

A

when the outer electron shells are full which mean that they cannot bind with another molecule or atoms

73
Q

what is activation energy

A

the energy required to make molecules unstable and react with another molecule

74
Q

what are coenzymes

A

organic helpers (vitamins)

75
Q

what are cofactors

A

inorganic enzymes (minerals)

76
Q

why are cofactors and coenzymes necessary

A

they help the enzyme work on the substrate

77
Q

why is it important that only one substrate can occupy the active site of an enzyme

A

it ensures there is control over the amount of and type of product that is produced

78
Q

What happens in feedback inhibition

A

the product of an enzymatic pathway is temporarily inhibited

79
Q

what is a noncompetitive inhibitor

A

an enzyme pathway that is temporarily inhibited

80
Q

What is an allosteric site

A

where the noncompetitive inhibitor binds

81
Q

what happens when a non-competitive inhibitor binds to an allosteric site

A

it causes the active site to change shape preventing the substrate from entering the active sit

82
Q

when does feedback inhibition occur

A

when the quantity of product that has been produced is enough and the cell does not require any more at that moment

83
Q

what happens when the cell needs more product.

A

the product bound to the allosteric site releases and the active site goes back to normal

84
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor

A

two substrates that directly compete to occupy the same active site at the same time

85
Q

what can competitive inhibitors lead to

A

cell death

86
Q

what do mutagenic agents cause

A

a change in the genetic code that codes for the primary structure of a protein

87
Q

What helps substrate fit into the active site

A

coenzymes

88
Q

site on the enzyme where molecule binds and changes the shape of the active site

A

allosteric site

89
Q

protein molecule that speeds up chemical reactions

A

enzyme

90
Q

barrier that needs to be overcome for reaction to start

A

activation energy

91
Q

area where enzyme binds to the substrate

A

active site

92
Q

blocks active site

A

competitive inhibitor

93
Q

method to regulate a metabolic pathway

A

feedback inhibition

94
Q

what do exoenzymes do

A

are secreted from the cell and hydrolyze large polymers into small polymers that can pass into a cell

95
Q

what is amylase

A

the enzyme that breaks starch into smaller saccharides

96
Q

what do lipase and protease enzymes do

A

hydrolyze lipids and proteins

97
Q

what are the main components of every cell

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, dna containing area

98
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

cytoplasm

99
Q

where does the Krebs cycle take place

A

cytoplasm of prokaryotes and mitochondria matrix of eukaryotes

100
Q

what do electron transport and chemiosmosis require

A

a membrane

101
Q

where does electron transport and chemiosmosis take place

A

eukaryotes use membrane folds within mitochondria and prokaryotes use plasma membrane

102
Q

how does oxygen enter a cell

A

by diffusing across the plasma membrane

103
Q

what provides oxygen

A

photoautotrophic organisms

104
Q

what are photoautotrophs

A

type of autotroph that uses the energy from the sun to start photosynthesis process

105
Q

how do chemoautotrophs make their food

A

using chemical energy

106
Q

what are heterotrophs

A

feed on autotrophs

107
Q
A
108
Q
A

Microbioloy (10 decks)

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