microbial metabolism Flashcards
What is metabolism
the total of all reactions occurring in a cell
What is hydrolysis. why is it called that
The building and braking of polymers into monomers.
water is used to break the covalent bond
what is a catabolic process.
the same as hydrolysis but the breaking down of a molecule also releases energy
what is an exergonic reaction
the release of energy through catabolism
what do exergonic reactions fuel
endergonic reactions
what do endergonic reactions do
consume energy to synthesize polymers from monomers
what are anabolic reactions
when cellular energy is used in synthesis process.
what is energy
the capacity to do work
what is mechanical work
any form of movement ranging from the movement of an entire organism or molecules within a cell
what is chemical work
the breaking and building of molecules which involve the rearranging of atoms
what is transport work
the movement of a molecule across a membrane such as ATP moving an ion
what is something actually working called
kinetic energy
what is potential energy
stored available energy
how is energy in a cell created
it is transferred from one form to another, from potential to kinetic and back to potential,
energy within the bonds of electrons is the potential energy
What is ATP
the energy molecule of the cell that powers all forms of work
what makes ATP a valuable source of energy
The 3rd phosphate bond
what kind of bond is the phosphate bond in ATP
covalent
What makes the Phosphate bond in ATP different
it is higher in energy and more easily broken
what is phosphorylation
the cycle of removing the third phosphate attachment to another molecule to provide energy for work
what is ADP
ATP with two phosphate groups (half charged phone battery)
what is AMP
ATP with only 1 phosphate (about to die)
words associated with catabolic
energy producing reactions
metabolic
breaks polymers to make monomers
atp becomes ADP
process of doing work
things associated with anabolic
storing energy for work
metabolic
formation of ATP
energy using reaction
building polymers from monomers
What does the mitochondria do
convert food energy into atp
how do bacteria convert food into atp
their cell membrane
how is most atp synthesized
chemiosmosis of cellular respiration
how does cellular respiration get its name
the fact that oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is expelled as a waste product.
what is required fro chemiosmosis
hydrogen ions
atp synthase enzyme
a membraine
what is atp synthase
the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of phosphorylating the ADP, creating atp.
what is the Christie of the mitochondrion
the folded inner membrane that increases surface area allowing more reactions to occur at once
what powers ATP synthase
the flow of hydrogen ions through the center of the enzyme from the outside of the membrane to the inside of the membrane
what establishes the gradient in the mitochondria
hydrogen ions on the outside of the membrane, the higher number of hydrogen ions
how long are ions kept on the outside of the membrane
until there is a high enough gradient to provide energy to the enzyme
what is required to establish the hydrogen ion gradient
the electron transport chain
what is the electron transport chain
a series of protein channels used to pump hydrogen ions from the inside to the outside of the membraine
What provides the hydrogens for the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle and carried to the membrane by NADH and FAD
what is the main goal of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
to phosphorylate ADP into ATP
where do the hydrogen ions and electrons come from
the bonds within organic molecules
what is the primary molecule used to get hydrogen and electrons
glucose, a monosaccharide
what does glycolysis mean
sugar splitting, breaking down glucose
what can be used in glycolysis if glucose is not available
the glycerol portion of a fat
Why are free hydrogen ions in the cell dangerous
they lower the PH of the cell
what is PH
the measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
more=acidic
less=basic
how can the amount of hydrogen ions be reduced
connecting them to an organic or inorganic molecule
what is reduction
connecting a molecule to any free ion or electron
what is oxidation
the splitting apart of a molecule
What do NAD and FAD do in cellular respiration
they pick up electrons and hydrogens that have been released and take them to the membrane for electron transport to occur
what shares electrons with NAD and FAD
hydrogen
what kind of bond is glucose
covalent
what does a covalent bond represent
the sharing of two electrons
what is the end product of glycolysis
pyruvate
what happens to pyruvate
it either continues int the orbs cycle or used I frementation
what determines what will happen to pyruvate
available oxygen or preferential pathways of a microbe
How many ATP molecules does fermentation produce
2
how many atp molecules does aerobic cellular respiration produce
36
what do all catabolic process do
release hydrogen and electrons
what is the final acceptor of aerobic cellular respiration
oxygen gas resulting in water
what is the final accepter in anaerobic cellular respiration
an inorganic molecule orion
what is the final acceptor of a microbe going through fermentation
an organic molecule resulting in either acid or alcoholic product
What does pyruvate need to be modified into to enter the Krebs cycle
into acetyl CoAw
what is the goal of the Krebs cycle
to complete the process of breakdown of the original glucose until all of the electrons and hydrogens are carried to the electron transport chain
what is the waste product of the Krebs cycle
The six-carbon glucose is oxidized and the carbons are bound with oxygen to make six molecules of carbon dioxide
what is the main product of the kern cycle
six NADH and two FADH2 carried to the electron transport system
how many Krebs cycle for each glycolysis
2
What do anabolic reactions do
consume energy and build larger molecuels
where do the building blocks or monomers from anabolic reactions come from
the nutrients that a microbe requires or from a molecule already in the cell
What controls chemical reactions in a cell
enzymes
what are enzymes
three dimensional proteins that act as a catalyst
what is the active site of a protein
where the action of the substrate will occur
what is a substrate
the molecule that is going to be acted upon and made to change for the reaction to occur
what do enzyme catalyzed reactions ensure
the cell has the right amount of cellular product at the right time
When are molecules stable
when the outer electron shells are full which mean that they cannot bind with another molecule or atoms
what is activation energy
the energy required to make molecules unstable and react with another molecule
what are coenzymes
organic helpers (vitamins)
what are cofactors
inorganic enzymes (minerals)
why are cofactors and coenzymes necessary
they help the enzyme work on the substrate
why is it important that only one substrate can occupy the active site of an enzyme
it ensures there is control over the amount of and type of product that is produced
What happens in feedback inhibition
the product of an enzymatic pathway is temporarily inhibited
what is a noncompetitive inhibitor
an enzyme pathway that is temporarily inhibited
What is an allosteric site
where the noncompetitive inhibitor binds
what happens when a non-competitive inhibitor binds to an allosteric site
it causes the active site to change shape preventing the substrate from entering the active sit
when does feedback inhibition occur
when the quantity of product that has been produced is enough and the cell does not require any more at that moment
what happens when the cell needs more product.
the product bound to the allosteric site releases and the active site goes back to normal
What is a competitive inhibitor
two substrates that directly compete to occupy the same active site at the same time
what can competitive inhibitors lead to
cell death
what do mutagenic agents cause
a change in the genetic code that codes for the primary structure of a protein
What helps substrate fit into the active site
coenzymes
site on the enzyme where molecule binds and changes the shape of the active site
allosteric site
protein molecule that speeds up chemical reactions
enzyme
barrier that needs to be overcome for reaction to start
activation energy
area where enzyme binds to the substrate
active site
blocks active site
competitive inhibitor
method to regulate a metabolic pathway
feedback inhibition
what do exoenzymes do
are secreted from the cell and hydrolyze large polymers into small polymers that can pass into a cell
what is amylase
the enzyme that breaks starch into smaller saccharides
what do lipase and protease enzymes do
hydrolyze lipids and proteins
what are the main components of every cell
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, dna containing area
where does glycolysis take place
cytoplasm
where does the Krebs cycle take place
cytoplasm of prokaryotes and mitochondria matrix of eukaryotes
what do electron transport and chemiosmosis require
a membrane
where does electron transport and chemiosmosis take place
eukaryotes use membrane folds within mitochondria and prokaryotes use plasma membrane
how does oxygen enter a cell
by diffusing across the plasma membrane
what provides oxygen
photoautotrophic organisms
what are photoautotrophs
type of autotroph that uses the energy from the sun to start photosynthesis process
how do chemoautotrophs make their food
using chemical energy
what are heterotrophs
feed on autotrophs
