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microbial metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism

A

the total of all reactions occurring in a cell

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2
Q

What is hydrolysis. why is it called that

A

The building and braking of polymers into monomers.
water is used to break the covalent bond

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3
Q

what is a catabolic process.

A

the same as hydrolysis but the breaking down of a molecule also releases energy

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4
Q

what is an exergonic reaction

A

the release of energy through catabolism

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5
Q

what do exergonic reactions fuel

A

endergonic reactions

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6
Q

what do endergonic reactions do

A

consume energy to synthesize polymers from monomers

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7
Q

what are anabolic reactions

A

when cellular energy is used in synthesis process.

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8
Q

what is energy

A

the capacity to do work

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9
Q

what is mechanical work

A

any form of movement ranging from the movement of an entire organism or molecules within a cell

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10
Q

what is chemical work

A

the breaking and building of molecules which involve the rearranging of atoms

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11
Q

what is transport work

A

the movement of a molecule across a membrane such as ATP moving an ion

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12
Q

what is something actually working called

A

kinetic energy

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13
Q

what is potential energy

A

stored available energy

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14
Q

how is energy in a cell created

A

it is transferred from one form to another, from potential to kinetic and back to potential,

energy within the bonds of electrons is the potential energy

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15
Q

What is ATP

A

the energy molecule of the cell that powers all forms of work

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16
Q

what makes ATP a valuable source of energy

A

The 3rd phosphate bond

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17
Q

what kind of bond is the phosphate bond in ATP

A

covalent

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18
Q

What makes the Phosphate bond in ATP different

A

it is higher in energy and more easily broken

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19
Q

what is phosphorylation

A

the cycle of removing the third phosphate attachment to another molecule to provide energy for work

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20
Q

what is ADP

A

ATP with two phosphate groups (half charged phone battery)

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21
Q

what is AMP

A

ATP with only 1 phosphate (about to die)

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22
Q

words associated with catabolic

A

energy producing reactions

metabolic
breaks polymers to make monomers
atp becomes ADP
process of doing work

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23
Q

things associated with anabolic

A

storing energy for work
metabolic
formation of ATP
energy using reaction
building polymers from monomers

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24
Q

What does the mitochondria do

A

convert food energy into atp

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25
how do bacteria convert food into atp
their cell membrane
26
how is most atp synthesized
chemiosmosis of cellular respiration
27
how does cellular respiration get its name
the fact that oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is expelled as a waste product.
28
what is required fro chemiosmosis
hydrogen ions atp synthase enzyme a membraine
29
what is atp synthase
the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of phosphorylating the ADP, creating atp.
30
what is the Christie of the mitochondrion
the folded inner membrane that increases surface area allowing more reactions to occur at once
31
what powers ATP synthase
the flow of hydrogen ions through the center of the enzyme from the outside of the membrane to the inside of the membrane
32
what establishes the gradient in the mitochondria
hydrogen ions on the outside of the membrane, the higher number of hydrogen ions
33
how long are ions kept on the outside of the membrane
until there is a high enough gradient to provide energy to the enzyme
34
what is required to establish the hydrogen ion gradient
the electron transport chain
35
what is the electron transport chain
a series of protein channels used to pump hydrogen ions from the inside to the outside of the membraine
36
What provides the hydrogens for the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle and carried to the membrane by NADH and FAD
37
what is the main goal of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
to phosphorylate ADP into ATP
38
where do the hydrogen ions and electrons come from
the bonds within organic molecules
39
what is the primary molecule used to get hydrogen and electrons
glucose, a monosaccharide
40
what does glycolysis mean
sugar splitting, breaking down glucose
41
what can be used in glycolysis if glucose is not available
the glycerol portion of a fat
42
Why are free hydrogen ions in the cell dangerous
they lower the PH of the cell
43
what is PH
the measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution more=acidic less=basic
44
how can the amount of hydrogen ions be reduced
connecting them to an organic or inorganic molecule
45
what is reduction
connecting a molecule to any free ion or electron
46
what is oxidation
the splitting apart of a molecule
47
What do NAD and FAD do in cellular respiration
they pick up electrons and hydrogens that have been released and take them to the membrane for electron transport to occur
48
what shares electrons with NAD and FAD
hydrogen
49
what kind of bond is glucose
covalent
50
what does a covalent bond represent
the sharing of two electrons
51
what is the end product of glycolysis
pyruvate
52
what happens to pyruvate
it either continues int the orbs cycle or used I frementation
53
what determines what will happen to pyruvate
available oxygen or preferential pathways of a microbe
54
How many ATP molecules does fermentation produce
2
55
how many atp molecules does aerobic cellular respiration produce
36
56
what do all catabolic process do
release hydrogen and electrons
57
what is the final acceptor of aerobic cellular respiration
oxygen gas resulting in water
58
what is the final accepter in anaerobic cellular respiration
an inorganic molecule orion
59
what is the final acceptor of a microbe going through fermentation
an organic molecule resulting in either acid or alcoholic product
60
What does pyruvate need to be modified into to enter the Krebs cycle
into acetyl CoAw
61
what is the goal of the Krebs cycle
to complete the process of breakdown of the original glucose until all of the electrons and hydrogens are carried to the electron transport chain
62
what is the waste product of the Krebs cycle
The six-carbon glucose is oxidized and the carbons are bound with oxygen to make six molecules of carbon dioxide
63
what is the main product of the kern cycle
six NADH and two FADH2 carried to the electron transport system
64
how many Krebs cycle for each glycolysis
2
65
What do anabolic reactions do
consume energy and build larger molecuels
66
where do the building blocks or monomers from anabolic reactions come from
the nutrients that a microbe requires or from a molecule already in the cell
67
What controls chemical reactions in a cell
enzymes
68
what are enzymes
three dimensional proteins that act as a catalyst
69
what is the active site of a protein
where the action of the substrate will occur
70
what is a substrate
the molecule that is going to be acted upon and made to change for the reaction to occur
71
what do enzyme catalyzed reactions ensure
the cell has the right amount of cellular product at the right time
72
When are molecules stable
when the outer electron shells are full which mean that they cannot bind with another molecule or atoms
73
what is activation energy
the energy required to make molecules unstable and react with another molecule
74
what are coenzymes
organic helpers (vitamins)
75
what are cofactors
inorganic enzymes (minerals)
76
why are cofactors and coenzymes necessary
they help the enzyme work on the substrate
77
why is it important that only one substrate can occupy the active site of an enzyme
it ensures there is control over the amount of and type of product that is produced
78
What happens in feedback inhibition
the product of an enzymatic pathway is temporarily inhibited
79
what is a noncompetitive inhibitor
an enzyme pathway that is temporarily inhibited
80
What is an allosteric site
where the noncompetitive inhibitor binds
81
what happens when a non-competitive inhibitor binds to an allosteric site
it causes the active site to change shape preventing the substrate from entering the active sit
82
when does feedback inhibition occur
when the quantity of product that has been produced is enough and the cell does not require any more at that moment
83
what happens when the cell needs more product.
the product bound to the allosteric site releases and the active site goes back to normal
84
What is a competitive inhibitor
two substrates that directly compete to occupy the same active site at the same time
85
what can competitive inhibitors lead to
cell death
86
what do mutagenic agents cause
a change in the genetic code that codes for the primary structure of a protein
87
What helps substrate fit into the active site
coenzymes
88
site on the enzyme where molecule binds and changes the shape of the active site
allosteric site
89
protein molecule that speeds up chemical reactions
enzyme
90
barrier that needs to be overcome for reaction to start
activation energy
91
area where enzyme binds to the substrate
active site
92
blocks active site
competitive inhibitor
93
method to regulate a metabolic pathway
feedback inhibition
94
what do exoenzymes do
are secreted from the cell and hydrolyze large polymers into small polymers that can pass into a cell
95
what is amylase
the enzyme that breaks starch into smaller saccharides
96
what do lipase and protease enzymes do
hydrolyze lipids and proteins
97
what are the main components of every cell
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, dna containing area
98
where does glycolysis take place
cytoplasm
99
where does the Krebs cycle take place
cytoplasm of prokaryotes and mitochondria matrix of eukaryotes
100
what do electron transport and chemiosmosis require
a membrane
101
where does electron transport and chemiosmosis take place
eukaryotes use membrane folds within mitochondria and prokaryotes use plasma membrane
102
how does oxygen enter a cell
by diffusing across the plasma membrane
103
what provides oxygen
photoautotrophic organisms
104
what are photoautotrophs
type of autotroph that uses the energy from the sun to start photosynthesis process
105
how do chemoautotrophs make their food
using chemical energy
106
what are heterotrophs
feed on autotrophs
107
108

Microbioloy (10 decks)

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