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Microbioloy > ch 5 > Flashcards

ch 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of a diseases in humans caused by eukaryotes

A

protozoal disease malaria
protist parasite giardia causes diarrheal illness

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2
Q

why does microbiology include parasites

A

identification depends on observation of microscopic adult worms or eggs

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3
Q

why does the word protist not a formal taxonomic term

A

the organisms do not have a shared evolutionary origin

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4
Q

describe algae

A

photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular

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5
Q

describe protozoa

A

non photosynthetic, motile, organisms that are always unicellular

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6
Q

what are plankton

A

microorganisms that drift or float in water, moved by currents

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7
Q

what are zooplankton

A

motile and non photosynthetic

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8
Q

what are phytoplankton

A

photosynthetic

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9
Q

what habitats to protozoans inhabit

A

aquatic and terrestrial, some are free living while others are parasitic in a host

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10
Q

what are trophozoites

A

beneficial symbionts that provide metabolic services, this is their name during feeding and growth cycle, they feed on small food sources such as bacteria

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11
Q

what can some protozoa develop into after trophozoites

A

encapsulated cyst stage, when environmental conditions are too harsh, the cyst is a protective wall

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12
Q

what is the process where a trophozoite becomes a cyst

A

encystment

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13
Q

what is excystment

A

when cyst are triggered to become active again

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14
Q

What is the life cycle of protozoa eimeria

A

unsporulated oocyst (non-infectious
sporulated oocyst (infectious)
oocyst enters gut when swallowed
oocyte releases sporocysts
sporozoites invade gut cells
trophozoite
schizogony (asexual reproduction)
schizont
merozoites released from schizont
male and female gametes
syngamy (sexual)
developing oocyst
oocyst shed in feces

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15
Q

how do protozoans reproduce

A

sexually
asexually
some bothh

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16
Q

how does asexual reproduction occur in protozoans

A

binary fission, budding or schizogony

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17
Q

what happens in schizogony

A

the nucleus of a cell divides multiple times before the cell divides into many smaller cells

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18
Q

what is the product of schizogony called

A

merozoites that are stored in structures known as schizonts

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19
Q

how do protozoan haploid gametes fuse

A

syngamy

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20
Q

how do protozoans exchange genetic material

A

conjugation that is different than conjugation in bacteria

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21
Q

what does protist conjugation refer to

A

a true form of eukaryotic sexual reproduction between two cells of different mating types

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22
Q

where is protist conjugation found

A

ciliates

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23
Q

what is the plasma membrane in a protozoan called

A

plasmalemma

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24
Q

what’s a pellicle

A

bands of proteinic the plasma membrane of some protozoans that adds rigidity

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25
Q

what is ectoplasm

A

OUTER LAYER with microfilaments of actin

distinct layers of cytoplasm under the membrane in some protist including protozoa

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26
Q

What is endoplasmm

A

the inner layer fluid region

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27
Q

what is cytostome

A

specialized structure for takininfoodthrough phagocytosis in some protozoans

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28
Q

what is cytoproct

A

specialized structure for the exocytosis of wastes

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29
Q

what does it mean if a protozoan is holozoic

A

it ingests whole food particles through phagocytosis

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30
Q

what does it mean if a protozoans saprozoic

A

it ingests small soluble foodmolecules

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31
Q

what are pseudopodia

A

“false feet” cytoplasmic extensions attached to the cell surface to some protists

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32
Q

how do pseudopodia work

A

they allow cytoplasm to flow into the extension, moving themselves forward

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33
Q

What are contractile vacuoles

A

organelles that can be used to move water out of the cell for osmotic regulation (salt water balance)

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34
Q

what is a polyphyletic group mena

A

they lack a shared evolutionary origin (protist)

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35
Q

what are the six supergroups of eukarya

A

Excavata
chromalveolata
rhizaria
archaeplastida
amoebozoa
opisthokonta

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36
Q

What are the subgroup of excavata

A

fornicata
parabasalids
euglenozoans

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37
Q

distinguishing features of fornicata

A

form cysts
pair of equal nuclei
no mitochondria
often parasitic
four free flagella

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38
Q

example of fornicata and disease

A

guardia lamlia
giardiasis

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39
Q

distinguishing features of parabasalids

A

no mitochondria
four free flagella
one attached flagellum
no cysts
parasitic or symbiotic
basal bodies
kinetoplastids

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40
Q

example and disease of parabasalids

A

trichomonas
trichomoniasis

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41
Q

distinguishing features of euglenozoans

A

photosynthetic or heterotrophic
flagella

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42
Q

examples of euglenozoans and disease

A

euglena/na
trypanosoma/ African sleeping sickness/ chugs disease
leishmania/leishmaniasis

43
Q

subgroups of chromolveolata

A

dinoflagellates
apicomplexans
ciliates
oomycetes/peronosporomycetes

44
Q

distinguishing features of dinoflagellates

A

cellulose theca
two dissimilar flagela

45
Q

example and disease of dinoflagellates

A

gonyaulaz/red tides
alexandrium/ paralytic shellfish poising
pfiesteria/ harmful algae blooms

46
Q

apixomplexans distinguishing features

A

intracellular parasite
apical organelles

47
Q

example and clinical notes for apicomplexans

A

plasmodium/malaria
cryptosporidium/ cryptosporidiosis
theileria/babesiosis
toxoplasma/tozoplasmosis

48
Q

ciliates distinguishing features

A

cilia

49
Q

ciliates examples and clinical notes

A

balantidium/balantidiasis
paramecium
stentor

50
Q

oocycetes/peronosporomycetes distinguishing features

A

“water molds”
generally diploid
cellulose cell walls

51
Q

examples/ clinical notes of oomycetes/

A

phytophthora/ diseases in crops

52
Q

What are the sub groups of rhizaria

A

foraminifera
radiolaria
cerocozoa

53
Q

distinguishing features of foraminifera

A

amoeboid
threadlike pseudopodia
calcium carbonate shells

54
Q

example of foraminifera

A

astrolonche

55
Q

distinguishing features of radiolaria

A

amoeboid
thread like pseudopodia
silica shells

56
Q

example of radiolaria

A

actinomma

57
Q

distinguishing features of cercozoa

A

amoeboid
threadlike pseudopodia
complex shells
parasitic forms

58
Q

examples of and clinical notes of cercoza

A

spongospora suberranea. powdery scab (potato disease)
plasmodiopora brassicae/ cabbache clubroot

59
Q

subgroups of archaeplastida

A

red algae
chlorophytes

60
Q

distinguishing features of red algae

A

chlorophyll a
phycoerythrin
phycocyanin

61
Q

what does the supergroup amoebozoa include

A

protozoans that use amoeboid movement, actin microfilaments produce pseudopodia, into which the remainder of the protoplasm flows moving the organism

62
Q

what is included in the entamoeba genus

A

commensal or parasitic species including e. histolytica

63
Q

how is e. histolytic transmitted

A

by cysts in fecces and is the primary cause of amoebic dysentery

64
Q

what does acanthamoeba cause

A

keratin’s (corneal inflammation
) and blindness

65
Q

what is the brain eating amoeba

A

naegleria fowler a distant relative of the amoebozoa

66
Q

what the eumycetozoa

A

a unusual group called slime molds which have been previously classified as animals, fungi and plants

67
Q

what are the two types of slime molds

A

cellular slime molds and plasmodial slime molds

68
Q

what do cellular slime molds exist as

A

individual amoeboid cells that periodically aggregate into a mobile slug, the aggregate then forms a fruiting body that produces haploid spores.

69
Q

What do plasmodial slime molds exist as

A

large, multinucleate amoeboid cells that form reproductive stalks to produce spores that divide into gametes

70
Q

Why is dictyostelium discoideum important

A

it is a cellular slime mold that has both single celled and multi celled life stages with cells showing some degree of differentiation in the multicelled form

71
Q

What is the life cycle of cellular slime mold discoideum

A
  1. mature fruiting body generates spores>meiosis
  2. mature fruiting body releases spores
  3. spores germinate
  4. germination gives rise to amoeba, which divide to form more individual cells
  5. two amoebas fuse to form a zygote
  6. zygote grows and undergoes meiosis and multiple rounds of mitosis
  7. new haploid amoebas are released
  8. amoebas aggregate into a structure called a slug
  9. slug migrates at a rate of 2mm/hr
  10. migration stops and the aggregate forms a fruiting body at the of a stalk
72
Q

plasmodial slime molds

A

1.Sporangia formation begins> meiosis
2. meiosis restores haploid condition
3. mature sporangium releases spores
4. spore germinates giving rise to cells that can convert between amoeboid and flagellated forms
5. germination gives rise to cells that can convert between amoeboid and flagellated forms
6. plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm)>fertilization
7.karyogamy (fusion of nuclei

73
Q

what are apicomplexans

A

intra or extracellular parasites that have an apical complex at one end of the cell

74
Q

what is the apical complex

A

a concentration organelles, vacuoles and microtubules that allow the parasite to enter host cells

75
Q

describe the lifecycle of apicomplexans

A

they include infective sporozoite that undergoes schizogony to make many merozoites

76
Q

what does the life cycle of apicoplexans depend on

A

transmission between multiple hosts

77
Q

what does apicomplexan cryptospridium parvum cause

A

intestinal symptoms and can cause an epidemic diarrhea when the cysts contaminate drinking water

78
Q

describe theileria micrti

A

transmitted by the tick, causes recurring fever and can be fatal and is becoming more common transfusion-transmitted pathogen

79
Q

what is toxoplasma gondii

A

causes toxoplasmosis and can be transmitted from cat feces, unwashed fruit and veggies from undercooked meant

80
Q

what are ciliates

A

a very diverse group within the chromalveolata characterized by cilia on cell surface

81
Q

what are the cilia on ciliates used for

A

locomotion and feeding, some forms are nonmotile.

82
Q

what is balantidium coli

A

the only parasitic ciliate that affects humans by causing intestinal illness but rarely causes serious issues except in immunocompromised.

83
Q

What is paramecium

A

a mobile ciliate with a clearly visible cytostome and cytoproct.

84
Q

what is stentor

A

a ciliate that uses its cilia for feeding and has micronucleus that is diploid, somatic and used for sexual reproduction by conjugation. they also have micronucleus derived from the micronucleus

85
Q

what does the micronucleus become

A

polyploid and a reduced set of metabolic genes

86
Q

how do ciliates reproduce

A

through conjugation

87
Q

what is conjugation in ciliates

A

when two cells attach to each other, the diploid micronuclei in each cell undergo meiosis producing 8 haploid nuclei each, then all but one of the haploids and the macronuclei disintigrate

88
Q

what happens to the remaining haploid micronuclei

A

it undergoes mitosis. the two cells then exchange one micronucleus each fusing with the remaining micronucleus to for a new genetically different diploid micornucleus

89
Q

what is the end result of after division

A

4 micronuclei and two the four combine to form a new micronucleus that replicates DNA repeatedly, once it reaches its polyploid state the cells separate

90
Q

what are oomycetes known as

A

watermolds

91
Q

how do oomycetes differ from fungi

A

they have cell walls of cellulose and are generally diploid fungi are haploid

92
Q

what is classified as an oomycetes

A

Phytophthora, the plant pathogen found in Irish potato famine

93
Q

what’s included in excavata

A

primitive eukaryotes and parasites with limited metabolic abilities

94
Q

describe excavata

A

they have complex cell shapes and structures often including a depression on the surface of the cell called an excavate

95
Q

what subgroups are included in excavata

A

fornicata, parabasalia and euglenozoa

96
Q

describe fornicata

A

they each mitochondria but have flagella

97
Q

what does fornicata include

A

giardia lambda a widespread pathogen that causes diarrheal illness and can be spread through cysts from feces that contaminate water

98
Q

describe parabasalia

A

frequent animal endosymbionts that live in the gut of animals like termites and cockroaches

they have basal bodies and modified mitochondria they have large complex cell structure with an undulating membrane and often have many flagella

99
Q

what are trichomonads

A

a subgroup of parabasalia that includes trichomonads vaginalis an STD that causes issue in women

100
Q

describe euglenozoa

A

common in the environment and include photosynthetic and non photosynthetic species, usually nonpathogenic

they have two flagella, a pellicle a stigma to sense light and chloroplasts

101
Q

what is the pellicle of euglena made of

A

a series of protein bands surrounding the cell supporting the membrane and giving It shape

102
Q

what are trypanosomes

A

parasitic pathogens in euglenozoa, African trypanosomiasis

103
Q

tsetse fly stages

A
  1. tsetse fly bakes a blood meal and injects t bruce into blood stream
  2. T. Bruce multiples by binary fission in blood, lymph and spinal fluid
  3. fly takes a blood meal and injects t. bruce
  4. in the midst of the fly t. Bruce multiplies by binary fission
  5. t. Bruce transforms into an infectious stage
  6. Bruce enters salivary gland and multiplies.
104
Q
A

Microbioloy (10 decks)

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