Lesson 3 the cell Flashcards
What is the spontaneous generation theory
life arose from non-living matter
who proposed spontaneous generation
aristotle
Who did the first experiment to disprove spontaneous generation
Francesco Redi
what did Redi use to disprove spontaneous generation
rotting meat and maggots
What is the theory of biogenesis
life arises from life
What theory did jan Baptista Van Helmont support
spontaneous generation
what theory did John need ham support
spontaneous generation
what theory did Lazaro spallanzani support
biogenesis
what theory did Louis Pasteur support
biogenesis
what theory did Francesco redi support
biogenesis
What probably went wrong with need hams exeriment
he probably didn’t boil the broth long enough to kill microbes
Who disagreed with needhams experiment
lazzaro spallanzani
how were Pasteurs broth experiments better than spallanzani and needham
his flasks had swan necks that prevented airborne microorganisms from getting to broth. non-airborne microbes would have access to the broth.
who had the last say in disproving spontaneous generation
pasteur
Who originally observed plant cells
German botanist Matthias schleiden
who noticed cells in plant tissue
Theodor Schwann a German physiologist
what did the conversation between Schwann and schlseiden lay the foundation for
the idea that cells are the fundamental components of plants and animals
what evidence did Robert remake publish
that cells come from other cells as a result of cell division
what concept did Rudolf Virchow popularize
all cells arise from cells
who is known as the father of pathology
Rudolf Virchow
what did Robert brown describe
observations of nuclei in plant cells
What did Andreas scrimper decribe
chloroplasts of plant cells, identifying their role in starch formation during photosyntheses and that they divide independent of the nucleus
What did konstantin mereschkowski suggest
chloroplasts may have originated from ancestral phopsynthetic bacteria living semiotically inside eukaryotic cll
what did Ivan Wallin examine
similarities between mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacteria
(tested endosymbiotic theory)
what did Wallin and mereschkowski co-author
mitochondria could be cultured outside of eukaryotic host cells
What is endosymbiotic theory
mitochondria and chloroplast arose as a result of prokaryotic cells establishing a symbiotic relationship within a eukaryotic host and is a driving factor in evolution of organisms
what does germ theory of disease state
diseases may result from microbial infection
what was the Ancient Greek miasma theory
disease originated from particles emanating from decomposing matter such as sewage or cesspits and infected humans in close proximity
what did Ignaz Semmelweis notice
when medical students assisted with delivering babies there was a higher number of mother that got an infection and died compared to those who were delivered by a midwife
what caused the death of mothers by medical students
students were conducting autopsies then assisting with deliveries Semmelweis proposed washing hands and it decreased infections
who insisted on had washing before surgery and began using disinfectants and antiseptics
Joseph lister
What did John snow demonstrate
that cholera bacteria were transmitted via drinking water
what was the foundation for germ theory
that Pasteur proving that food spoilage and fermentation were caused by microbes they could cause infection too
What must an organism have to be considered living
1 cell
What fundamental components do all cells possess
cytoplasm
1 or more chromosomes
ribosomes
Where is cytoplasm contained
within a plasma membrane
what is cytoplasm
a gel like substance composed of water and dissolved chemicals needed for growth
what are ribosomes
organelles used for the production of proteins
describe how prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic
prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus surrounded by a complex nuclear membrane and generally have a single circular chromosome in a nucleoid
describe how a eukaryotic cell differs from a prokaryotic cell
has a nucleus surrounded by a complex nuclear membrane that contains multiple rod shaped chromosomes
what type of cells are plant and animal cells
eukaryotic
what domains are prokaryotic cells classified within
archaea and bacteria
what domain are eukaryotic organisms classified as
eukarya
are prokaryotes or eukaryotes bigger
Eukaryotic cells are bigger with some exceptions
what is the plasma membrane made of
phospholipids and forms a bilayer
why does a bilayer form
because one portion of the phospholipid is hydrophilic and the other is hydrophobic
what portion of the bilayer does the hydrophobic portion face
inner portion of the bilayer
what does the fluid mosaic model refer to
the fact that phospholipid bilayer is not a rigid structure and is made of different components
what can the proteins of the plasma membrane serve as
identification tags, work as enzymes or assist with moving molecules
What does semipermeable mean
it allows certain things to go in or out of the cell
where is the one main chromosome in a prokaryotic cell
nucleoid
What do ribosomes do
synthesize proteins
what do proteins do for a cell
give it structure, allow for movement and run all the activities of the cell.
What are prokaryotic ribosomes composed of
the 30S small subunit and the 50s large subunit
add a card about Girolamo
what are the subunits of prokaryotic ribosomes composed of
protein and rRNA
What do bacteria rely on for energy storage
inclusions for temporary storage of molecules
what do inclusions store
organic molecules such as carbs but some store elements used for buoyancy and motility
what do volition (metachromatic) granules do
store phosphate to be used for metabolic activities
What do carboxysome inclusions do
store molecules for carbon metabolism
What do gas vacuoles do
give organisms buoyancy
What is concentration gradient
refers to the number of molecules on one side of the membrane compared to the other
where do molecules naturally want to flow to
from the area of high concentration to the area of low concentration
what is passive diffusion
moves through the membrane without requiring energy
what does rage of diffusion depend on
the difference between high and low concentration
size and property of the molecule
What is facilitated diffusion
when a molecule is too large to move through membrane and needs a protein to act as a doorway and is still going down concentration gradient
What is active transport
when energy is required to move a molecule across a membrane against the concentration gradient
example of ions that use active transport
sodium and potassium and chloride being needed in the cell
what is osmosis
passivement of water across a membrane
what determines if water crosses the membrane
the dissolved solutes determine the concentration of water
what is the relationship with solutes and water
the more solutes the lower the concentration of water
what is hypotonic
a solution that has a lower solute concentration than another
what direction will water move
from an area of few solutes to more solutes
what is isotonic
solution with the same concentration as another
what is hypertonic
a solution with higher solutes than another
what does a cell wall do
surrounds the membrane and gives added support and structure and prevent osmotic lysis of a cell
What is morphology
shape of a cell
what shape is coccus
round
what shape is bacillus
rod
What shape is vibrio
curved rod
what shape is coccobacillus
short rod
what shape is spirillum
spiral
what shape is spirochete
long, loose, helical spiral
What is diplococcus
pair of two cocci
what is a tetrad
grouping of four cells arranged in a square
what is streptococcus
chain of cocci
what is staphylococcus
cluster of cocci
why is bacillus
single rod
What is diplobacillus
pair of rods
what is streptobacillus
chain of rods
what is palisade
V or L shaped formations of rods
What happens to a cell without a cell wall in a hypertonic environment
it can be come dehydrated causing crenation or shriveling
what happens to cell that possess a cell wall in a hypertonic environment
plasmolysis
what happens in plasmolysis
the membrane contracts and detaches from the wall decreasing interior volume keeping the wall in tact
What do nucleic associated proteins do
assist in the organization and packaging of the chromosome in prokaryotic cells
what does prokaryotic DNA interact with
nucleic associated proteins
What are plasmids
small circular double stranded DNA
what is extrachromosomal DNA
DNA that is not part of the chromosome found in plasmids
why are plasmids important to the survival of an organism
they carry genes that confer advantageous traits such as ABX resistance
what size ribosomes are in prokaryotes
80S
how are ribosomes different between eukaryotic cells and archaeal cells
they are the same size but they have different proteins and rRNA molecules, Archea versions are more similar to eukaryotic cells
where are prokaryotic ribosomes found
cytoplasm
what are prokaryotic ribosomes called
70S
what do eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosome size
80S
what is the benefit of cells storing nutrients as polymerized form
it reduces the buildup of osmotic pressure that occurs as a cell accumulates solutes
what do volition store
polymerized inorganic phosphate that can be used in metabolism and assist in the formation of biofilms
what microbes contain volition granules
archaea methanosarcina, bacterium corynebacterium diphtheria and unicellular eukaryotic alga chlamydomonas
what are polyhydroxybutyrate
A phospholipid monolayer embedded with protein that can surround certain inclusions
what has polyhydroxybutyrate been used as industrially
a source of biodegradable polymers for bioplastics
