chapter 7 organic molecules Flashcards
1
Q
what are the most abundant elements in cells from most to least, what are they called
A
Hydrogen
carbon
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus
sulfur
macronutrients
2
Q
what percent of the cell do macro nutrients make up
A
99% of the dry weight of cells
3
Q
what are micronutrients in the cell (trace elements)
A
sodium
potassium
magnesium
zinc
iron
calcium
molybdenum
copper
cobalt
manganese
vanadium
4
Q
what are the 4 most abundant elements in living matter
A
carbon,
nitrogen
oxygen
hydrogen
5
Q
What do the atomic number of the most abundant elements tell you
A
they are light element capable of forming strong bonds with other atoms to produce molecules
6
Q
how many chemical bonds carbon form
A
4
7
Q
how many chemical bonds does nitrogen form
A
3
8
Q
how many chemical bonds does oxygen form
A
2
9
Q
how many chemical bonds does hydrogen form
A
1
10
Q
name some inorganic compounds in living organisms
A
water and salts
11
Q
what differentiates organic molecules from inorganic
A
organic molecules contain carbon, inorganic molecules do not
12
Q
what are the exceptions to the carbon containing molecules are organic rule
A
carbon oxides and carbonates because they do not contain hydrogen
13
Q
how are atoms of organic molecules typically arranged
A
around chains of carbon atoms
14
Q
what percent of the cell is made up of inorganic compounds
A
1-1.5 percent of the dry weight
15
Q
where does most of the carbon in organic molecules originate from
A
inorganic sources such as carbon dioxide captured via carbon fixation by microorganisms
16
Q
are organic molecules larger or smaller than inorganic molecules
A
larger
17
Q
how are carbon skeletons held together
A
covalent bonds
18
Q
what do organic molecules make up
A
form cells of an organisms and perform the chemical reactions that facilitate life
19
Q
what are biomolecules
A
molecules that are part of living matter, contain carbon, which is the building block of life
20
Q
what makes carbon unique
A
It has four valence electrons in its outer orbitals and can form four single covalent bonds with up to four other atoms at the same time
21
Q
what does carbon usually bond with
A
oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen
sulfur
Phosphorus
carbon itself
22
Q
what is the simplest organic compound an what is it made of
A
methane, carbon binds only to hydrogen
23
Q
what is a carbon skeleton
A
carbon atoms binding together in large number
24
Q
what shapes to carbon skeleton make
A
straight branched or ring shaped
25
what doling chains of carbon atoms allow for
a huge number and variety of compounds
26
What are isomers
molecules with the same atomic makeup but different structural arrangement of atoms
27
why is the concept of isomerism important
the structure of a molecule is always directly related to its function slight changes may make up very different properties
28
what is a structural formula
a graphic representation of the molecular structure showing how atoms are arranged
29
what are structural isomers
compounds that have an identical molecular formula but differ in bonding sequence of the atmos
30
give an example of a structural isomer
monosaccharides glucose
galactose and fructose are all C6H12O6
31
what are stereoisomers
isomers that differ in the spatial arrangements of atoms
32
who discovered the properties of enantiomers
Louis Pasteur while analyzing crystallized fermentation products of wine
33
what are enantiomers
molecules that have the characteristic of chirality, in which their structures are non superimposable mirror images of eachother
34
Give two examples of enantiomers
L-asparame, D-aspartame
methorphan
35
Why are enantiomers also called optical isomers
they can rotate the plane of polarized light
36
how are enantiomers denoted
if light is polarized clockwise + its a d form
if it rotates polarized light counterclockwise - its I form
37
where do the d and I labels come from
Dexter (on the right)
laeves (on the left)
38
what is an important about biological properties of optical isomers
Some species of bacteria, yeast and mold such as rhizomes, yarrow and lactobacillus can only metabolize one type of optical isomer, the other is not a suitable source of nutrients.
It also affects therapeutic use of the chemicals because some organisms can only be affected by a specific one
39
What are functional groups
groups of atoms within molecules that are categorized by their specific chemical composition and the chemical reaction they perform, regardless of the molecule in which the group is found
40
What compound is functional group aldehyde found in
carbs
41
what compound is functional group amide found in
proteins
42
what compound is functional group amino found in
amino acids, protiens
43
what compounds are functional group carbonyl found in
ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, amides
44
what compounds are functional group ester found in
lipids, nucleic acids
45
what compounds are functional group ether found in
disaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids
46
what compounds are functional group hydroxyl found in
alcohol, monosaccharides amino acids, nucleic acids
47
what compounds are functional group ketone found in
carbs
48
what compounds are functional group methyl found in
methylated compounds such as methyl alcohols and methyl esters
49
what compounds are functional group phosphate found in
nucleic acids phospholipids, atp
50
what compounds are functional group sulfhydryl found in
amino acids proteins
51
Why are they called macromolecules
they are typically large
52
what are monomers
identical or very similar organic molecules that serve as building blocks for macromolecules
53
what are polymers
the macromolecule that results from the linkage of monomers
54
what are the four main groups of carbon-containing macromolecules
polysaccharides, proteins lipids, nucleic acids
55
what is dehydration synthesis
a chemical reaction where monomer molecules bind end to end in a process that results in the formation of water molecules as a byproduct.
56
what is the function of carbs
energy storage, receptors, food, structural role in plants, fungal cell walls, exoskeletons of insects
57
what are the functions of lipids
energy storage, membrane structure, insulation, hormones, pigments
58
what are the functions of nucleic acids
storage and transfer of genetic information
59
what are the functions of proteins
enzymes, structure, receptors, transport , structural role in the cytoskeleton of a cell and the extracellular matrix.
60
What are the most abundant biomolecules on earth
carbohydrates
61
what is the chemical makeup of made of
mostly carbon and water
62
what is the imperial formula of most carbs
(CH2O)n
the n is the number of repeating units
63
what does the chemistry view of carbohydrates imply
they are hydrated carbon atom chains in which water molecules attach to each carbon atom leading to the term carbohydrate.
64
What is it possible for some carbohydrates to contain other than CH2O
nitrogen,
phosphorus
and or sulfur
65
why are carbs important
they are vital parts of structures that store and transmit genetic information
they are the basis of biological polymers that impart strength to structural components of organisms and provide energy as starch and glycogen
66
What are carbs referred to in biochemistry
saccharides meaning sugar
67
what are the simplest carbs called
monosaccharides or simple sugars
68
how are monosaccharides classified base on
the number of carbons in the molecule
69
What does the suffix "ose" indicate
a saccharide
70
what does the prefix indicate
the number of carbons
71
what is the most abundant monosaccharide in nature
hexose d-glucose
72
When are monosaccharides with four or more carbon typically most stable
when they adopt a cyclic or ring structure
73
what do ring structures result from
a chemical reaction between functional groups on opposite ends of the sugars flexible carbon chain, namely the carbonyl group and hydroxyl group
74
What is a disaccharide
when two monosaccharide molecules chemically bond
75
what kind of bond is between two monosaccharides
a covalent bond called a glycosidic bond
76
what do glycosidic bonds form between
hydroxyl groups of the two saccharide molecules, an example of dehydration synthesis
77
What are some examples of common disaccharides
the grain sugar maltose
milk sugar lactose
table sugar sucrose
78
what is the grain sugar maltose made of
2 glucose molecules
79
what are the milk sugar lactose made of
galactose and a glucose molecule
80
what is table sugar sucrose made of
glucose and fructose
81
what polysaccharides
large polymers composed of hundreds of monosaccharide monomers
82
what is another name for polysaccharides
glycans
83
what makes polysaccharides different from mono and disaccharides
polysaccharides are not sweet and are not usually soluble in water
84
what do polysaccharides have in common with disaccharides
the monomeric units of polysaccharides are linked by glycosidic bonds
85
what are the 3 most biologically important polysaccharides
starch
glycogen
cellulose
86
what does cellulose consist of
a linear chain of glucose molecules and is a common component of cell walls
87
what are glycogen and starch shape
branched polymers
88
what uses glucose as a primary energy source
animals and plants
89
what uses starch as a primary energy source
plants
90
What purpose does lipids serve
a source of nutrients
storage form for carbon
energy storage molecules
structural components of membranes and hormones
91
What are fatty acids
lipids that contain long-chain hydrocarbons terminated with a carboxylic acid functional group
92
what makes fatty acids hydrophobic
the long hydrocarbon chain
93
what are saturated fatty acids
fatty acids with hydrocarbon chains that contain only single bonds.
they have the greatest number of hydrogen atoms possible and are "saturated with hydrogen"
94
what are unsaturated fatty acids
fatty acids with hydrocarbon chains containing at least one double bond, because they have fear hydrogen atoms
95
describe saturated fatty acids
they have a straight, flexible Carbone backbone,
96
describe an unsaturated fatty acid
they have kinks in their carbon skeleton because each double bond causes a rigid bend of the carbon skeleton
97
what are saturated fatty acids at room temp
solid
98
what are unsaturated fatty acid at room temp
liquid
99
When is a triglyceride formed
when three fatty acids are chemically linked to a glycerol molecule
100
what are triglycerides the primary component of
adipose tissue, sebum
101
what is the metabolic role of triglycerides
efficient energy storage molecules that can provide more than double the caloric content of carbs and proteins
102
Why are tryglycerides classified as simple lipids
they are formed from only two types of compounds, glycerol and fatty acids
103
what do complex lipids contain
at least one additional component such as a phosphate group (phospholipids) or carbohydrate (glycolipid)
104
What is the relationship with triglycerides and water
hydrophobic of the long hydrocarbon chains
105
what Is the charge for phospholipids
negatively charged
106
what's the relationship with phospholipids and water
it is hydrophilic because the charge gives it a strong attraction to water.
107
what is the hydrophilic portion of the phospholipid referred to as
polar head
108
what is the long hydrocarbon chain of the phospholipid referred to as
non-polar tail
109
what does amphipathic mean
A molecule presenting a hydrophobic portion and a hydrophilic moiety
110
what is an example in which carbs are bonded to the lipids head group
glycolipid
111
If phospholipids are amphipathic how are they hydrophilic
the tails congregate within an enclosed region shielded by the head
112
What are micelles
spherical assemblies containing a hydrophobic interior of phospholipid tails and an outer surface of polar head groups
113
what are lipid-bilayer sheets or unit membranes
large, two dimensional assemblies of phospholipids congregated tail to tail
114
what are lion bilayer spheres the basis of
vesicles and liposomes,
115
what do lipid-bilayer sheets make up
cell membranes and membranes of intercellular components
116
What are isoprenoids
branched lipids that are formed by chemical modification of the isoprene molecule
117
what are isoprenoids Also known as
terpenoids
118
what do isoprenoids do
play a wide variety of physiological roles in plants an animals with roles in pharmaceuticals, pigments, and fragrances
119
where are long-chain isopreoids found
hydrophobic oils and waxes
120
what does what does sebum mainly consist of
triacylglycral, wax esters and hydrocarbon squalene
121
what feeds on isoprenoids
bacteria in the microbiota on the skin such as propionibacterium acnes
122
What are steroids
complex ringed structures that are found in cell membranes, some function as hormones (lipids)
123
what are the most common types of steroids
sterols
124
what are sterols
steroids containing an OH group
125
what is sterols relationship with water
mainly hydrophobic but have hydrophilic hydroxyl groups
126
what is the most common sterol found in animal tissue
cholesterol
127
what is the structure of cholesterol
four rings with a double bond in one of the rings and a hydroxyl group at the sterol-defining position
128
what is the function of cholesterol
to strengthen cell membranes in eukaryotes and in bacteria without cell walls
129
do prokaryotes produce cholesterol
no although bacteria produce similar compounds call hopanoids
130
what do fungi and protozoa produce instead of cholesterol
ergosterol, that strengthens cell membranes
131
What is an amino acid
an organic molecule in which a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group and an amino group are all bonded to the same carbon atom
132
what is a side chain
the fourth group bonded to the a carbon that varies based on amino acid
133
how is a side chain represented
by the letter r in structural formulas
134
what is a residue
a monomer that results when two or more amino acids combine and remove water molecules
135
what is the primary structure of a protein
a peptide chain
136
what's a peptide chain made of
amino acid residues
137
what do the characteristics of the functional groups and r groups allow
components of the amino acid to form hydrogen, ionic and disulfide bonds and polar/nonpolar interactions needed to form other protein structures
138
what are amino acid groups composed of primarily
carbon
ocygen
nitrogen and sulfur in the form of hydrocarbons, acids, amides, alcohols and amines
139
what chemically bonds amino acids together
the reaction of carboxylic acid group and one molecule with the amine group of another
140
what does the reaction of carboxylic acid group and amine group form
a peptide bond and water molecule
141
what are peptides
molecules formed by chemically linking relatively modest numbers of amino acids (<50)
142
what forms a oligopeptide
approximately 20 amino acids
143
what forms an polypeptide
Approximately 50 amino acids
144
What is a protein
when a large amount or multiple polypeptides are used as building subunits
145
What affects the shape and function of a protein
the length and specific amino acid sequence
146
how is protein structure categorized
primary
secondary
tertiary and
quaternary levels
147
what is the primary structure
the sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain
148
what makes the primary structure flexible
the bonds that hold the amino acids together
149
what happens when the primary structure is sufficiently long
hydrogen bonding may occur between amine and carbonyl functional groups within the peptide backbone (excluding r side group) resulting in localized folding of the polypeptide chain not helices and sheets
150
what constitutes a secondary structure
The sheets and helices
151
what are the most common secondary structures
a-helix and b-pleated sheet
152
describe the a-helix structure
the helix is held by hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom in a carbonyl group of one amino acid and the hydrogen atom of the amino group that is just four amino acid units further along
153
what happens in the b pleated sheet
the pleats are formed by similar hydrogen bonds between continuous sequences carbonyl and amino groups that are further separated on the backbone of the polypeptide chain
154
what is the tertiary structure
the large scale three dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain
155
what determines the tertiary structure
interactions between amino acid residues that are far apart in the chain
156
what interactions give rise to the tertiary structure
disulfide bridges and others
157
what are disulfide bridges
bonds between the sulfhydryl functional groups on amino acid side groups
158
what is protein folding
the process by which a polypeptide chain assumes a large-scale three dimensional shape
159
what does it mean if proteins possess a native structure
they are fully functional in their normal biological role
160
what happens when a protein loses its three dimensional shape
It may not longer be functional and are denatured
161
what does denaturation imply
the loss of the secondary structure and tertiary structure without the loss of the primary structure
162
What are sub units
assemblies of several separate polypeptides
163
when do proteins function adequately
when all subunits are present and appropriately configured
164
what is quaternary structure
the interactions that hold subunits together
165
what stabilizes the quaternary structure
weak interactions
166
what is a conjugated protein
a class of proteins that have a nonprotein portion
167
what is a protein that has a carb attached
glycoprotein
168
what is a protein that has a lipid attached
lipoprotein
169
