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Microbioloy > chapter 7 organic molecules > Flashcards

chapter 7 organic molecules Flashcards

1
Q

what are the most abundant elements in cells from most to least, what are they called

A

Hydrogen
carbon
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus
sulfur

macronutrients

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2
Q

what percent of the cell do macro nutrients make up

A

99% of the dry weight of cells

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3
Q

what are micronutrients in the cell (trace elements)

A

sodium
potassium
magnesium
zinc
iron
calcium
molybdenum
copper
cobalt
manganese
vanadium

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4
Q

what are the 4 most abundant elements in living matter

A

carbon,
nitrogen
oxygen
hydrogen

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5
Q

What do the atomic number of the most abundant elements tell you

A

they are light element capable of forming strong bonds with other atoms to produce molecules

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6
Q

how many chemical bonds carbon form

A

4

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7
Q

how many chemical bonds does nitrogen form

A

3

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8
Q

how many chemical bonds does oxygen form

A

2

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9
Q

how many chemical bonds does hydrogen form

A

1

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10
Q

name some inorganic compounds in living organisms

A

water and salts

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11
Q

what differentiates organic molecules from inorganic

A

organic molecules contain carbon, inorganic molecules do not

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12
Q

what are the exceptions to the carbon containing molecules are organic rule

A

carbon oxides and carbonates because they do not contain hydrogen

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13
Q

how are atoms of organic molecules typically arranged

A

around chains of carbon atoms

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14
Q

what percent of the cell is made up of inorganic compounds

A

1-1.5 percent of the dry weight

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15
Q

where does most of the carbon in organic molecules originate from

A

inorganic sources such as carbon dioxide captured via carbon fixation by microorganisms

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16
Q

are organic molecules larger or smaller than inorganic molecules

A

larger

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17
Q

how are carbon skeletons held together

A

covalent bonds

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18
Q

what do organic molecules make up

A

form cells of an organisms and perform the chemical reactions that facilitate life

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19
Q

what are biomolecules

A

molecules that are part of living matter, contain carbon, which is the building block of life

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20
Q

what makes carbon unique

A

It has four valence electrons in its outer orbitals and can form four single covalent bonds with up to four other atoms at the same time

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21
Q

what does carbon usually bond with

A

oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen
sulfur
Phosphorus
carbon itself

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22
Q

what is the simplest organic compound an what is it made of

A

methane, carbon binds only to hydrogen

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23
Q

what is a carbon skeleton

A

carbon atoms binding together in large number

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24
Q

what shapes to carbon skeleton make

A

straight branched or ring shaped

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25
Q

what doling chains of carbon atoms allow for

A

a huge number and variety of compounds

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26
Q

What are isomers

A

molecules with the same atomic makeup but different structural arrangement of atoms

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27
Q

why is the concept of isomerism important

A

the structure of a molecule is always directly related to its function slight changes may make up very different properties

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28
Q

what is a structural formula

A

a graphic representation of the molecular structure showing how atoms are arranged

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29
Q

what are structural isomers

A

compounds that have an identical molecular formula but differ in bonding sequence of the atmos

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30
Q

give an example of a structural isomer

A

monosaccharides glucose
galactose and fructose are all C6H12O6

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31
Q

what are stereoisomers

A

isomers that differ in the spatial arrangements of atoms

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32
Q

who discovered the properties of enantiomers

A

Louis Pasteur while analyzing crystallized fermentation products of wine

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33
Q

what are enantiomers

A

molecules that have the characteristic of chirality, in which their structures are non superimposable mirror images of eachother

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34
Q

Give two examples of enantiomers

A

L-asparame, D-aspartame
methorphan

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35
Q

Why are enantiomers also called optical isomers

A

they can rotate the plane of polarized light

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36
Q

how are enantiomers denoted

A

if light is polarized clockwise + its a d form
if it rotates polarized light counterclockwise - its I form

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37
Q

where do the d and I labels come from

A

Dexter (on the right)
laeves (on the left)

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38
Q

what is an important about biological properties of optical isomers

A

Some species of bacteria, yeast and mold such as rhizomes, yarrow and lactobacillus can only metabolize one type of optical isomer, the other is not a suitable source of nutrients.

It also affects therapeutic use of the chemicals because some organisms can only be affected by a specific one

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39
Q

What are functional groups

A

groups of atoms within molecules that are categorized by their specific chemical composition and the chemical reaction they perform, regardless of the molecule in which the group is found

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40
Q

What compound is functional group aldehyde found in

A

carbs

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41
Q

what compound is functional group amide found in

A

proteins

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42
Q

what compound is functional group amino found in

A

amino acids, protiens

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43
Q

what compounds are functional group carbonyl found in

A

ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, amides

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44
Q

what compounds are functional group ester found in

A

lipids, nucleic acids

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45
Q

what compounds are functional group ether found in

A

disaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids

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46
Q

what compounds are functional group hydroxyl found in

A

alcohol, monosaccharides amino acids, nucleic acids

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47
Q

what compounds are functional group ketone found in

A

carbs

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48
Q

what compounds are functional group methyl found in

A

methylated compounds such as methyl alcohols and methyl esters

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49
Q

what compounds are functional group phosphate found in

A

nucleic acids phospholipids, atp

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50
Q

what compounds are functional group sulfhydryl found in

A

amino acids proteins

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51
Q

Why are they called macromolecules

A

they are typically large

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52
Q

what are monomers

A

identical or very similar organic molecules that serve as building blocks for macromolecules

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53
Q

what are polymers

A

the macromolecule that results from the linkage of monomers

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54
Q

what are the four main groups of carbon-containing macromolecules

A

polysaccharides, proteins lipids, nucleic acids

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55
Q

what is dehydration synthesis

A

a chemical reaction where monomer molecules bind end to end in a process that results in the formation of water molecules as a byproduct.

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56
Q

what is the function of carbs

A

energy storage, receptors, food, structural role in plants, fungal cell walls, exoskeletons of insects

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57
Q

what are the functions of lipids

A

energy storage, membrane structure, insulation, hormones, pigments

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58
Q

what are the functions of nucleic acids

A

storage and transfer of genetic information

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59
Q

what are the functions of proteins

A

enzymes, structure, receptors, transport , structural role in the cytoskeleton of a cell and the extracellular matrix.

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60
Q

What are the most abundant biomolecules on earth

A

carbohydrates

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61
Q

what is the chemical makeup of made of

A

mostly carbon and water

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62
Q

what is the imperial formula of most carbs

A

(CH2O)n

the n is the number of repeating units

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63
Q

what does the chemistry view of carbohydrates imply

A

they are hydrated carbon atom chains in which water molecules attach to each carbon atom leading to the term carbohydrate.

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64
Q

What is it possible for some carbohydrates to contain other than CH2O

A

nitrogen,
phosphorus
and or sulfur

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65
Q

why are carbs important

A

they are vital parts of structures that store and transmit genetic information

they are the basis of biological polymers that impart strength to structural components of organisms and provide energy as starch and glycogen

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66
Q

What are carbs referred to in biochemistry

A

saccharides meaning sugar

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67
Q

what are the simplest carbs called

A

monosaccharides or simple sugars

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68
Q

how are monosaccharides classified base on

A

the number of carbons in the molecule

69
Q

What does the suffix “ose” indicate

A

a saccharide

70
Q

what does the prefix indicate

A

the number of carbons

71
Q

what is the most abundant monosaccharide in nature

A

hexose d-glucose

72
Q

When are monosaccharides with four or more carbon typically most stable

A

when they adopt a cyclic or ring structure

73
Q

what do ring structures result from

A

a chemical reaction between functional groups on opposite ends of the sugars flexible carbon chain, namely the carbonyl group and hydroxyl group

74
Q

What is a disaccharide

A

when two monosaccharide molecules chemically bond

75
Q

what kind of bond is between two monosaccharides

A

a covalent bond called a glycosidic bond

76
Q

what do glycosidic bonds form between

A

hydroxyl groups of the two saccharide molecules, an example of dehydration synthesis

77
Q

What are some examples of common disaccharides

A

the grain sugar maltose
milk sugar lactose
table sugar sucrose

78
Q

what is the grain sugar maltose made of

A

2 glucose molecules

79
Q

what are the milk sugar lactose made of

A

galactose and a glucose molecule

80
Q

what is table sugar sucrose made of

A

glucose and fructose

81
Q

what polysaccharides

A

large polymers composed of hundreds of monosaccharide monomers

82
Q

what is another name for polysaccharides

A

glycans

83
Q

what makes polysaccharides different from mono and disaccharides

A

polysaccharides are not sweet and are not usually soluble in water

84
Q

what do polysaccharides have in common with disaccharides

A

the monomeric units of polysaccharides are linked by glycosidic bonds

85
Q

what are the 3 most biologically important polysaccharides

A

starch
glycogen
cellulose

86
Q

what does cellulose consist of

A

a linear chain of glucose molecules and is a common component of cell walls

87
Q

what are glycogen and starch shape

A

branched polymers

88
Q

what uses glucose as a primary energy source

A

animals and plants

89
Q

what uses starch as a primary energy source

A

plants

90
Q

What purpose does lipids serve

A

a source of nutrients
storage form for carbon
energy storage molecules
structural components of membranes and hormones

91
Q

What are fatty acids

A

lipids that contain long-chain hydrocarbons terminated with a carboxylic acid functional group

92
Q

what makes fatty acids hydrophobic

A

the long hydrocarbon chain

93
Q

what are saturated fatty acids

A

fatty acids with hydrocarbon chains that contain only single bonds.

they have the greatest number of hydrogen atoms possible and are “saturated with hydrogen”

94
Q

what are unsaturated fatty acids

A

fatty acids with hydrocarbon chains containing at least one double bond, because they have fear hydrogen atoms

95
Q

describe saturated fatty acids

A

they have a straight, flexible Carbone backbone,

96
Q

describe an unsaturated fatty acid

A

they have kinks in their carbon skeleton because each double bond causes a rigid bend of the carbon skeleton

97
Q

what are saturated fatty acids at room temp

A

solid

98
Q

what are unsaturated fatty acid at room temp

A

liquid

99
Q

When is a triglyceride formed

A

when three fatty acids are chemically linked to a glycerol molecule

100
Q

what are triglycerides the primary component of

A

adipose tissue, sebum

101
Q

what is the metabolic role of triglycerides

A

efficient energy storage molecules that can provide more than double the caloric content of carbs and proteins

102
Q

Why are tryglycerides classified as simple lipids

A

they are formed from only two types of compounds, glycerol and fatty acids

103
Q

what do complex lipids contain

A

at least one additional component such as a phosphate group (phospholipids) or carbohydrate (glycolipid)

104
Q

What is the relationship with triglycerides and water

A

hydrophobic of the long hydrocarbon chains

105
Q

what Is the charge for phospholipids

A

negatively charged

106
Q

what’s the relationship with phospholipids and water

A

it is hydrophilic because the charge gives it a strong attraction to water.

107
Q

what is the hydrophilic portion of the phospholipid referred to as

A

polar head

108
Q

what is the long hydrocarbon chain of the phospholipid referred to as

A

non-polar tail

109
Q

what does amphipathic mean

A

A molecule presenting a hydrophobic portion and a hydrophilic moiety

110
Q

what is an example in which carbs are bonded to the lipids head group

A

glycolipid

111
Q

If phospholipids are amphipathic how are they hydrophilic

A

the tails congregate within an enclosed region shielded by the head

112
Q

What are micelles

A

spherical assemblies containing a hydrophobic interior of phospholipid tails and an outer surface of polar head groups

113
Q

what are lipid-bilayer sheets or unit membranes

A

large, two dimensional assemblies of phospholipids congregated tail to tail

114
Q

what are lion bilayer spheres the basis of

A

vesicles and liposomes,

115
Q

what do lipid-bilayer sheets make up

A

cell membranes and membranes of intercellular components

116
Q

What are isoprenoids

A

branched lipids that are formed by chemical modification of the isoprene molecule

117
Q

what are isoprenoids Also known as

A

terpenoids

118
Q

what do isoprenoids do

A

play a wide variety of physiological roles in plants an animals with roles in pharmaceuticals, pigments, and fragrances

119
Q

where are long-chain isopreoids found

A

hydrophobic oils and waxes

120
Q

what does what does sebum mainly consist of

A

triacylglycral, wax esters and hydrocarbon squalene

121
Q

what feeds on isoprenoids

A

bacteria in the microbiota on the skin such as propionibacterium acnes

122
Q

What are steroids

A

complex ringed structures that are found in cell membranes, some function as hormones (lipids)

123
Q

what are the most common types of steroids

A

sterols

124
Q

what are sterols

A

steroids containing an OH group

125
Q

what is sterols relationship with water

A

mainly hydrophobic but have hydrophilic hydroxyl groups

126
Q

what is the most common sterol found in animal tissue

A

cholesterol

127
Q

what is the structure of cholesterol

A

four rings with a double bond in one of the rings and a hydroxyl group at the sterol-defining position

128
Q

what is the function of cholesterol

A

to strengthen cell membranes in eukaryotes and in bacteria without cell walls

129
Q

do prokaryotes produce cholesterol

A

no although bacteria produce similar compounds call hopanoids

130
Q

what do fungi and protozoa produce instead of cholesterol

A

ergosterol, that strengthens cell membranes

131
Q

What is an amino acid

A

an organic molecule in which a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group and an amino group are all bonded to the same carbon atom

132
Q

what is a side chain

A

the fourth group bonded to the a carbon that varies based on amino acid

133
Q

how is a side chain represented

A

by the letter r in structural formulas

134
Q

what is a residue

A

a monomer that results when two or more amino acids combine and remove water molecules

135
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein

A

a peptide chain

136
Q

what’s a peptide chain made of

A

amino acid residues

137
Q

what do the characteristics of the functional groups and r groups allow

A

components of the amino acid to form hydrogen, ionic and disulfide bonds and polar/nonpolar interactions needed to form other protein structures

138
Q

what are amino acid groups composed of primarily

A

carbon
ocygen
nitrogen and sulfur in the form of hydrocarbons, acids, amides, alcohols and amines

139
Q

what chemically bonds amino acids together

A

the reaction of carboxylic acid group and one molecule with the amine group of another

140
Q

what does the reaction of carboxylic acid group and amine group form

A

a peptide bond and water molecule

141
Q

what are peptides

A

molecules formed by chemically linking relatively modest numbers of amino acids (<50)

142
Q

what forms a oligopeptide

A

approximately 20 amino acids

143
Q

what forms an polypeptide

A

Approximately 50 amino acids

144
Q

What is a protein

A

when a large amount or multiple polypeptides are used as building subunits

145
Q

What affects the shape and function of a protein

A

the length and specific amino acid sequence

146
Q

how is protein structure categorized

A

primary
secondary
tertiary and
quaternary levels

147
Q

what is the primary structure

A

the sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain

148
Q

what makes the primary structure flexible

A

the bonds that hold the amino acids together

149
Q

what happens when the primary structure is sufficiently long

A

hydrogen bonding may occur between amine and carbonyl functional groups within the peptide backbone (excluding r side group) resulting in localized folding of the polypeptide chain not helices and sheets

150
Q

what constitutes a secondary structure

A

The sheets and helices

151
Q

what are the most common secondary structures

A

a-helix and b-pleated sheet

152
Q

describe the a-helix structure

A

the helix is held by hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom in a carbonyl group of one amino acid and the hydrogen atom of the amino group that is just four amino acid units further along

153
Q

what happens in the b pleated sheet

A

the pleats are formed by similar hydrogen bonds between continuous sequences carbonyl and amino groups that are further separated on the backbone of the polypeptide chain

154
Q

what is the tertiary structure

A

the large scale three dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain

155
Q

what determines the tertiary structure

A

interactions between amino acid residues that are far apart in the chain

156
Q

what interactions give rise to the tertiary structure

A

disulfide bridges and others

157
Q

what are disulfide bridges

A

bonds between the sulfhydryl functional groups on amino acid side groups

158
Q

what is protein folding

A

the process by which a polypeptide chain assumes a large-scale three dimensional shape

159
Q

what does it mean if proteins possess a native structure

A

they are fully functional in their normal biological role

160
Q

what happens when a protein loses its three dimensional shape

A

It may not longer be functional and are denatured

161
Q

what does denaturation imply

A

the loss of the secondary structure and tertiary structure without the loss of the primary structure

162
Q

What are sub units

A

assemblies of several separate polypeptides

163
Q

when do proteins function adequately

A

when all subunits are present and appropriately configured

164
Q

what is quaternary structure

A

the interactions that hold subunits together

165
Q

what stabilizes the quaternary structure

A

weak interactions

166
Q

what is a conjugated protein

A

a class of proteins that have a nonprotein portion

167
Q

what is a protein that has a carb attached

A

glycoprotein

168
Q

what is a protein that has a lipid attached

A

lipoprotein

169
Q
A

Microbioloy (10 decks)

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