chapter 1 Flashcards
What are some examples of fermented foods
beer, wine, bread, yogurt, cheese and pickled veggies
how long have people been making fermented beverages
as early as 7000 BC
what is microbial fermentation
a process that uses bacteria, mold, or yeast to convert sugars to alcohol,gases and organic acids
who is otzi the iceman
a 5300 year old mummy found frozen in the otzal alps in 1991
what is the significance of the otzi iceman
he was infected with parasite eggs that caused abdominal pain and nausea, as well as Lyme disease.
how did Otzi try and treat himself
With a fungus with laxative and ABX properties, and tattoos made of cutting incisions and filling with herbs then burning the herbs,
how did ancient people attempt to stop disease
the Bible refers to quarantining people showing they know disease can be communicable
what did the ancient greeks attribute disease to
bad air, they developed hygiene proctices to combat odors (malaria)
how did ancient romans fight disease
created a complex sanitation infrastructure to deal with sewage and aqueducts to bring in fresh water, helped with waterborne illnesses
When did hypocrites live
460-370BC
what is Hippocrates considered
the father of western medicine
what did Hippocrates believe about disease
it had natural causes from within patients or their environments
when did Thucydides live
460-395BC
what is Thucydides considered
the father of scientific history
what idid Thucydides advocate for
evidence based analysis of cause and effect reasoning
what is Thucydides most important contribution
observed that those who survived the Athens plague did not get reinfected with the disease even near actively sick people showing immunity
what did Marcus terenjtius Varro propose
the concept that things we cannot see (microbes) can cause disease
when did Marcus terenjtius Varro live
116-27BC
what did Antonio van Leeuwenhoek develop
a lens powerful enough to view microbes
what did Leeuwenhoek see in the water droplet
single celled organisms, bacteria and protists
what did Louis Pasteur and show
individual microbial strains had unique properties and demonstrated that fermentation is caused by microorganisms responsible for spoilage
what did Pasteur create
vaccines for rabies
what did rober koch demonstrate
a connection between a single isolated microbe and a known human disease (anthrax, cholera, TB)
What is taxonomy
classification, description, identification and naming of living organisms
what 3 kingdoms did Linnaeus divide the natural world into
animal plant and mineral
what is the taxonomy order
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
what are phylogenies
taxonomies that looks into evolutionary relationships,
what were the two main branches in Linnaeus Tree of life,
animal and plant
what did Ernst Haeckel add too the Tree of life
at first Protista for unicellular organisms and the miners for unicellular organisms whose cells lack a nuclei (bacteria)
what did Robert Whittaker propose to add to the tree of life
fungi and a categorization above kingdom level to distinguish between organisms that have a membrane bound nuclei and those that dont
what does modern taxonomy rely on
comparing nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) or proteins from different organisms, the more similar the more they are related
what did carl worse and George fox discover
certain bacteria (archaebacteria) were significantly different from other bacteria and eukaryotic
what is binomial nomenclature
a two word naming system for naming organisms
what is the first word in binomial nomenclature
genus
what is the second word in binomial nomenclature
specific epithet
how big must an object be to visible without a microscope
100 micrometers (UM)
how big is an atom
0.1nm (nanometer)
how big is a lipid
3-5nm
how big is a protein
5-10nm
how big is the flu virus
100nm
how big are mitochondria and bacteria
2um micrometer
what do microbes in the domains of bacteria and archaea have in common
they are all prokaryotes (lack a nucleus)
how are microbes in eukaryotic different from bacteria and archea
they are eukaryotes (have a nucleus)
wherever bacteria found
nearly every environment on earth
what are pathogens
disease causing
what is the cell wall of most bacteria contain
peptidoglycan
What do archaea cell walls contain
pseudopeptidoglycan
what is included in the domain eukarya
protist
fungi
plants
animals
what are protists
informal grouping of eukaryotes that are not plants animals or fungi includes protozoa
what are algae
mostly made up of protists that can be either unicellular or multicellular
what is the cell wall of algal protist made of
cellulose,
how do algae get energy
photosynthesis
what is an example of a bacterial algae
cyanobacteria
why is algae important
other organisms can use its waste products for energy
what is agar
a gel derived from algae that is mixed with nutrients and used to grow microorganism
what are some uses of algae
carrageenan, alginic acid found in ice cream, salad dressing, beverages, lipstick and toothpaste
what are protozoa
protist that make up the backbone of many food webs by providing nutrients for other organisms
how do protozoa move
with cilia, flagella, or pseudopods
what are cilia
hair like structures
what are flagella
whip like structures
what are pseudopods
(false feet) cytoplasmic extensions
are protozoa harmless
some are others are pathogens
how do protozoa live
some are free living others are parasitic
what are fungi cell walls made out of
chitin
what do fungi look like
plants
are fungi photosynthetic
no
what are unicellular fungi
yeast
what are some benefits of yeast
cause bread to rise and beverages to ferment
what are some bad uses of yeast
cause food to spoil or cause disease such as vaginal yeast infection or oral thrush
what is a modl
multicellular fungi made of long filaments that form visible colonies
what do molds play a role in
decomposition of dead plants and animals
what are mycotoxins
disease causing metabolites produced by mold
what are hlminths
multicellular parasitic worms
why are helminths studied in microbiology
diseases caused by helminths involve microscopic eggs and larvae
what does the guinea worm cause
dizziness vomiting diarrhea and painful ulcers on the legs and feet when the worm works its way of out of the skin
when does infection with guinea worm happen
when drinking water containing water fleas infected by the guinea worm disease
What are viruses
acellular microorganisms that consist of proteins and genetic material DNA or RNA but never both that are inert outside of a host organism
What is germ theory of disease
What is pasteurization
using heat to destroy microbes in a liquid
what is spontaneous generation
the theory that living matter generated from non-living matter
what is biogenesis
theory that life comes from preexisting life
what’s the difference between disinfectants and antiseptics
disinfectants is used on objects, antiseptic is used on living tissue
