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Microbioloy > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of fermented foods

A

beer, wine, bread, yogurt, cheese and pickled veggies

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1
Q

how long have people been making fermented beverages

A

as early as 7000 BC

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2
Q

what is microbial fermentation

A

a process that uses bacteria, mold, or yeast to convert sugars to alcohol,gases and organic acids

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3
Q

who is otzi the iceman

A

a 5300 year old mummy found frozen in the otzal alps in 1991

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4
Q

what is the significance of the otzi iceman

A

he was infected with parasite eggs that caused abdominal pain and nausea, as well as Lyme disease.

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5
Q

how did Otzi try and treat himself

A

With a fungus with laxative and ABX properties, and tattoos made of cutting incisions and filling with herbs then burning the herbs,

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6
Q

how did ancient people attempt to stop disease

A

the Bible refers to quarantining people showing they know disease can be communicable

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7
Q

what did the ancient greeks attribute disease to

A

bad air, they developed hygiene proctices to combat odors (malaria)

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8
Q

how did ancient romans fight disease

A

created a complex sanitation infrastructure to deal with sewage and aqueducts to bring in fresh water, helped with waterborne illnesses

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9
Q

When did hypocrites live

A

460-370BC

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10
Q

what is Hippocrates considered

A

the father of western medicine

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11
Q

what did Hippocrates believe about disease

A

it had natural causes from within patients or their environments

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12
Q

when did Thucydides live

A

460-395BC

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13
Q

what is Thucydides considered

A

the father of scientific history

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14
Q

what idid Thucydides advocate for

A

evidence based analysis of cause and effect reasoning

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15
Q

what is Thucydides most important contribution

A

observed that those who survived the Athens plague did not get reinfected with the disease even near actively sick people showing immunity

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16
Q

what did Marcus terenjtius Varro propose

A

the concept that things we cannot see (microbes) can cause disease

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17
Q

when did Marcus terenjtius Varro live

A

116-27BC

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18
Q

what did Antonio van Leeuwenhoek develop

A

a lens powerful enough to view microbes

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19
Q

what did Leeuwenhoek see in the water droplet

A

single celled organisms, bacteria and protists

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20
Q

what did Louis Pasteur and show

A

individual microbial strains had unique properties and demonstrated that fermentation is caused by microorganisms responsible for spoilage

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21
Q

what did Pasteur create

A

vaccines for rabies

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22
Q

what did rober koch demonstrate

A

a connection between a single isolated microbe and a known human disease (anthrax, cholera, TB)

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23
Q

What is taxonomy

A

classification, description, identification and naming of living organisms

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24
Q

what 3 kingdoms did Linnaeus divide the natural world into

A

animal plant and mineral

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25
Q

what is the taxonomy order

A

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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26
Q

what are phylogenies

A

taxonomies that looks into evolutionary relationships,

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27
Q

what were the two main branches in Linnaeus Tree of life,

A

animal and plant

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28
Q

what did Ernst Haeckel add too the Tree of life

A

at first Protista for unicellular organisms and the miners for unicellular organisms whose cells lack a nuclei (bacteria)

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29
Q

what did Robert Whittaker propose to add to the tree of life

A

fungi and a categorization above kingdom level to distinguish between organisms that have a membrane bound nuclei and those that dont

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30
Q

what does modern taxonomy rely on

A

comparing nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) or proteins from different organisms, the more similar the more they are related

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31
Q

what did carl worse and George fox discover

A

certain bacteria (archaebacteria) were significantly different from other bacteria and eukaryotic

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32
Q

what is binomial nomenclature

A

a two word naming system for naming organisms

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33
Q

what is the first word in binomial nomenclature

A

genus

34
Q

what is the second word in binomial nomenclature

A

specific epithet

35
Q

how big must an object be to visible without a microscope

A

100 micrometers (UM)

36
Q

how big is an atom

A

0.1nm (nanometer)

37
Q

how big is a lipid

A

3-5nm

38
Q

how big is a protein

A

5-10nm

39
Q

how big is the flu virus

A

100nm

40
Q

how big are mitochondria and bacteria

A

2um micrometer

41
Q

what do microbes in the domains of bacteria and archaea have in common

A

they are all prokaryotes (lack a nucleus)

42
Q

how are microbes in eukaryotic different from bacteria and archea

A

they are eukaryotes (have a nucleus)

43
Q

wherever bacteria found

A

nearly every environment on earth

44
Q

what are pathogens

A

disease causing

45
Q

what is the cell wall of most bacteria contain

A

peptidoglycan

46
Q

What do archaea cell walls contain

A

pseudopeptidoglycan

47
Q

what is included in the domain eukarya

A

protist
fungi
plants
animals

48
Q

what are protists

A

informal grouping of eukaryotes that are not plants animals or fungi includes protozoa

49
Q

what are algae

A

mostly made up of protists that can be either unicellular or multicellular

50
Q

what is the cell wall of algal protist made of

A

cellulose,

51
Q

how do algae get energy

A

photosynthesis

52
Q

what is an example of a bacterial algae

A

cyanobacteria

53
Q

why is algae important

A

other organisms can use its waste products for energy

54
Q

what is agar

A

a gel derived from algae that is mixed with nutrients and used to grow microorganism

55
Q

what are some uses of algae

A

carrageenan, alginic acid found in ice cream, salad dressing, beverages, lipstick and toothpaste

56
Q

what are protozoa

A

protist that make up the backbone of many food webs by providing nutrients for other organisms

57
Q

how do protozoa move

A

with cilia, flagella, or pseudopods

58
Q

what are cilia

A

hair like structures

59
Q

what are flagella

A

whip like structures

60
Q

what are pseudopods

A

(false feet) cytoplasmic extensions

61
Q

are protozoa harmless

A

some are others are pathogens

62
Q

how do protozoa live

A

some are free living others are parasitic

63
Q

what are fungi cell walls made out of

A

chitin

64
Q

what do fungi look like

A

plants

65
Q

are fungi photosynthetic

A

no

66
Q

what are unicellular fungi

A

yeast

67
Q

what are some benefits of yeast

A

cause bread to rise and beverages to ferment

68
Q

what are some bad uses of yeast

A

cause food to spoil or cause disease such as vaginal yeast infection or oral thrush

69
Q

what is a modl

A

multicellular fungi made of long filaments that form visible colonies

70
Q

what do molds play a role in

A

decomposition of dead plants and animals

71
Q

what are mycotoxins

A

disease causing metabolites produced by mold

72
Q

what are hlminths

A

multicellular parasitic worms

73
Q

why are helminths studied in microbiology

A

diseases caused by helminths involve microscopic eggs and larvae

74
Q

what does the guinea worm cause

A

dizziness vomiting diarrhea and painful ulcers on the legs and feet when the worm works its way of out of the skin

75
Q

when does infection with guinea worm happen

A

when drinking water containing water fleas infected by the guinea worm disease

76
Q

What are viruses

A

acellular microorganisms that consist of proteins and genetic material DNA or RNA but never both that are inert outside of a host organism

77
Q

What is germ theory of disease

A
78
Q

What is pasteurization

A

using heat to destroy microbes in a liquid

79
Q

what is spontaneous generation

A

the theory that living matter generated from non-living matter

80
Q

what is biogenesis

A

theory that life comes from preexisting life

81
Q

what’s the difference between disinfectants and antiseptics

A

disinfectants is used on objects, antiseptic is used on living tissue

82
Q
A

Microbioloy (10 decks)

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