Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbioloy > CH 4 prokaryotes > Flashcards

CH 4 prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

What domains are prokaryotes

A

archaea and bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the main distinguination between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where are prokaryotes found

A

Everywhere on earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how much do bacterial cells outnumber human cells in the body

A

10:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what areas of the human body do bacteria thrive in

A

mouth
nasal cavity
throat
ears
GI tract
and vagina
skin (especially moist parts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

list an example of how prokaryotes are important for ecosystems

A

they are a necessary part of soil formation and stabilization through the breakdown of organic matter and development of biofilms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how many microorganisms are in 1 gram of soil

A

10 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what do bacteria in soil use for nutrients

A

substances released from plant roots such as acids and carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what happens after bacteria metabolizes plant products

A

they release them Bach to the soil forming humus and increasing fertility of soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do halo bacteria do in salty lakes

A

decompose dead brine shrimp and nourish young brine shrimp and flies with products of bacterial metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why can prokaryotes be found in all environments

A

they are resilient and adaptable, and metabolically flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does metabolically flexible mean

A

they can switch from one energy source to another depending on availability or from one metabolic pathway to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does prokaryotic cyanobacteria demonstrate metabolic flexibility

A

They can switch from a conventional type of lipid metabolism such as production of fatty aldehydes to a different type of lipid metabolism that generates biofuel such as fatty acids and wax esters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how does groundwater bacteria demonstrate metabolic flexibility

A

they store complex high energy carbs when in pure ground water but metabolize them when ground water is enriched with phosphates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is an example of switching metabolic pathways

A

some bacteria get energy by reducing sulfates into sulfides but can switch to producing acids and free hydrogen ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do prokaryotes perform functions vital to life on earth

A

they capture (fix) and recycle elements like carbon and nitrogen. since animals require carbon to grow but are unable to use inorganic carbon sources. so prokaryotes are needed to to turn carbon dioxide into organic carbon (carbon fixation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is nitrogen fixation

A

the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is nitrogen fixation important

A

plants use it to form different biomolecules necessary to their survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how do prokaryotes clean the environment

A

some bacteria play a role in degrading toxic chemicals that pollute water and soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what percent of prokaryotes are human pathogens

A

less than 1% all bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does bacteria contribute to the greenhouse effects

A

as soil that is usually frozen thaws the carbon trapped is released and metabolized producing massive amounts of carbon dioxide and methane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is microbial ecology

A

the study of interactions between microbial populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a community

A

a group of interacting organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are cooperative interactions

A

interactions that benefit populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is are competitive interactions

A

one where one population competes with another for resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is a symbiosis

A

an interaction between different species that are associated with each other within a community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a mutualism relationship

A

both populations are benefitted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is an amensalism

A

one population is harmed and the other is unaffected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is a commensalism relationship

A

one population benefits while the other in unaffected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is a neutralism relationship

A

neither is affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is a parasitism relationship

A

one is benefitted and one is harmed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how is bacterium bactericides theaiotaomicron beneficial for humans

A

is live in the GI tract and and digests complex polysaccharide plant materials that humans can’t converting them to monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how do some strains of E. coli have a mutualism relationship with us

A

ecoli relies on intestinal contents for nutrients and humans derive certain vitamins from E. coli such as vitamin k

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is predominant on the human cheek

A

streptococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is predominant on the throat, tonsil and saliva

A

fusobacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is most often found in the intestine

A

Bacteroides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the baby inoculated with as part of a natural birth

A

lactobacillus app from the vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

how long does it take for the microbiota of the small intestine to change

A

a 9 hour period half of inhabitants will be different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

why are resident microbiota important

A

they occupy areas that might otherwise be taken up by pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what does lactobacillus app do

A

produce lactic acid contributing to acidity of the vagina preventing the growth of yeast by

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

how are prokaryotes classified

A

based on shape
staining patterns
biochemical or physiological differences

NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES IN GENES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what did David Hendricks Bergen publish

A

a manual in determinative bacteriology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what did David Hendricks bergen attempts to summarize in his book

A

the information about the kinds of bacteria known at the time using latin binomial classification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what does the five volume bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology do

A

expands on bergeys original manual including additional species with up to date descriptions of taxonomy and biological properties of all named prokaryotic taxa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

how are bacteria traditionally classified based on staining patterns

A

gram-positive
gram-negative
atypical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what do gram-positive bacteria possess

A

a thick peptidoglycan cell wall that retains the primary stain (crystal violet) during the decolorizing step so they are purple after the gram stain procedure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what do gram negative bacteria contain

A

a thin peptidoglycan cell wall that does not prevent the crystal violet from washing away so it appears red/light pink after staining with safranin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what are examples of atypical bacteria

A

mycoplasma and chlamydia

rickettsia because they are too small to be evaluated by gram stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what are gram-negative bacteria further classified into

A

proteobacteria, cytophaga-flavobacterium-bacteroides and spirochetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are deeply branching bacteria

A

thought to be very early evolutionary form of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

where do deeply branching bacteria live

A

hot, acidic, ultraviolet-light exposed and anaerobic conditons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is proteobacteria

A

a phylum of very diverse groups of gram-negative bacteria, includes E. coli and bordetella pertussis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what does FFB group of bacteria include

A

components of the human gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what are spirochetes

A

spiral-shaped bacteria that include treponema palladium that causes syphilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

how can gram positive bacteria be further classified

A

low G+C and high G+C due to their prevalence of guanine and cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what does low G+C gram positive bacteria include

A

bacillus anthraces (anthrax)
clostridium tetani (tetanus)
listeria monocyogenes (listeriosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what does high G+C gram positive include

A

corynebacterium diphtheriae (diphtheria)
mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)

58
Q

what does it mean if something is high or low G+C

A

It either has less than 50% guanine and cytosine nucleotides in DNA or more than 50%

59
Q

What did carl woes suggest

A

that large and diverse group of bacteria should be defined as a separate phylum within the domain bacteria based on nucleoside sequence in their genome

60
Q

what did gram negative bacteria name of phylum become

A

proteobacteria

61
Q

what are the 5 classes of proteobacteria

A

alphaproteobacteria
betaproteobacteria
gammaproteobacteria
deltaproteobacteria
epsilonproteobacteria

62
Q

what are alphaproteobacteria

A

obligate or facultative intracellular bacteria can be oligotrphs

63
Q

what are oligotrophs

A

organisms capable of living in low nutrient environments such as deep oceanic sediments, glacial ice or deep undersurface soil

64
Q

what are rickettsias

A

obligate intracellular pathogens that require their life cycle to occur inside host cells

65
Q

what happens to rickettsia outside of a host cell

A

They are metabolically inactive

66
Q

why do rickettsia rely on other cells

A

they cannot synthesize their own ATP and rely on other cells for their energy needs

67
Q

what is a pathogen caused by rickettsia spp

A

Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus

68
Q

alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus agrobacterium

A

gram negative- bacillus
plant pathogen, one species, a tumefaciens, causes tumors in plants

69
Q

alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus bartonella

A

gram-negative pleomorphic flagellated coccobacillus

facultative intracellular bacteria, transmitted by lice and fleas, cause trench fever and cat scratch disease in humans

70
Q

alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus brucella

A

gram negative small, facultative intracellular bacteria transmitted by contaminated milk from infected dairy cows, causes brucellosis in cattle and humans

71
Q

alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus caulobacter

A

gram negative bacillus

72
Q

alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus ehrilichia

A

very small gram-negative coccoid or ovoid bacteria
obligatory intercellular bacteria,
can be transported cell to cell
transmitted by ticks
destructs white blood cells in humans and dogs

73
Q

alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus hyphomicrobium

A

gram negative bacilli grows from stock
similar to caulobacter

74
Q

alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus methylocystis

A

gram negative coccoid or short bacilli
nitrogen fixing aerobic bacteria

75
Q

alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus rhizobium

A

gram negative rectangular bacilli with rounded ends forming clusters

nitrogen fixing bacteria that live in soil and form symbiotic relationship with roots of legumes

76
Q

alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genusrickettsia

A

gram negative highly pleomorphic, may be cocci, rods or threads

obligate intracellular bacteria
transmitted by ticks
may cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus

77
Q

describe betaproteobacteria

A

they have a wide range of metabolic strategies and can survive in a wide range of environments

78
Q

where do Neisseria live

A

mucosal surfaces of the human body

79
Q

what does fastidious mean

A

difficult to culture

80
Q

what do neisseria need to survive

A

high levels of moisture
nutrient supplements and carbon dioxide, they are microaerophilic

81
Q

what does microaerophilic mean

A

requires low levels of oxygen

82
Q

how is neisseria grown

A

on chocolate agar (agar supplemented by partially hemolyses blood cells

83
Q

what is the growth pattern for neisseria

A

diplococcal, pairs of cells resembling coffee

84
Q

betaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus

A

small gram-negative coccobacillus

aerobic, fastidious, causes pertussis (whooping cough)

85
Q

betaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus burkholderia

A

gram negative bacillus

aerobic, aquatic, causes disease in horses and humans especially people with cystic fibrosis
agent of nosocomial infections

86
Q

betaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus leptothrix

A

gram negative, sheathed, filamentous bacillus

aquatic, oxidize iron and manganese
can live in case water treatment plants and clog pipes

87
Q

betaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus neisseria

A

gram negative coffee bean shaped coccus forming pairs

require moister and high concentration of carbon dioxide, oxidase positive, grow on chocolate agar, causes gonorrhea and meningitis

88
Q

betaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus thiobacillus

A

gram negative bacillus

thermophile
acidophilic
strictly aerobic bacteria
oxidize iron and sulfer

89
Q

Examples of pseudomonas

A

p. aeruginosa
fluorescens
p. putida

90
Q

what genus are pseudomonas

A

pseudomonaceae

91
Q

describe p. aeruginosa

A

aerobic, non fermenting, highly motile bacterium

92
Q

what does p. Aeruginosa infect

A

wounds and burns

93
Q

what can p aeruginosa cause

A

chronic UTI
respiratory infections in those with cystic fibrosis or mechanical ventilators

94
Q

why are p. aeruginosa difficult to treat

A

it is resistant to many ABX and an ability to form biofilms

95
Q

What is included in the order vibrionales

A

vibrio cholera
V. parahaemolyticus
v. vulnificus
aliivibrio fischeri

96
Q

describe does vibrio cholera

A

comma-shaped aquatic bacterium that thrives in highly alkaline environments like shallow lagoons and sea ports

97
Q

what do toxins released by V. cholera lead to

A

hyper secretion of electrolytes and water in the large intestine

98
Q

what does v. vulnificus cause

A

cellulitis and blood borne infections

99
Q

what does v. parahaemolyticus cause

A

a gastrointestinal disease in humans.

100
Q

what is the relationship between aliivibrio fisher and squid

A

symbiotic

the squid provides nutrients for the bacteria and the bacteria produce bioluminescence to protect squid

101
Q

what is pneumophilia responsible for

A

legionnaires disease

102
Q

what is L. pneumophilia

A

an aquatic bacteria that tends to inhabit pools of warm water such as those in in air conditioners in large buildings

103
Q

how does legionnaires disease usually spread

A

in people of a same building that have a/C contaminated by water

104
Q

what is enterobacteriaeae

A

a large family of enteric bacteria belong to gammaproteobacteria

105
Q

Describe enterobacteriaceae

A

they are facultative anaerobes and are able to ferment carbs

106
Q

what are the two categories in the enterobacteriaceae family

A

coliforms
non-coliforms

107
Q

what makes coliform special

A

they are able to ferment lactose completely with the production of acid and gas

108
Q

what is an example of coliforms

A

e. coli

109
Q

what makes non-coliform different from coliforms

A

They either cannot ferment lactose or can only ferment it incompletely producing acid or gas but not both

110
Q

what are examples of non-coliforms

A

salmonella
shigella
yersinia pestis

111
Q

who first described e. coli

A

theodor escherich

112
Q

what relationships do most E. coli have with humans

A

mutualistic

113
Q

what do some strains of E. coli produce

A

potentially deadly toxin shiga toxin

114
Q

what happens when shiva toxin interacts with ribosomes

A

stops protein synthesis leading to cellular death and hemorrhagic colitis

115
Q

What is E. coli characterized by

A

inflammation of intersatinal tract and bloody diarrhea, some strains have travelers diarrhea

116
Q

what are serotypes

A

strains or variations of the same species of bacteria

117
Q

what are serotypes of salmonella characterized by

A

inflammation of the small and large intestine accompanied by fever, vomiting, and diarrhea

118
Q

what does s. enterobacterica cause

A

typhoid fever

119
Q

morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus beggiatoa

A

gram- negative disk shaped or cylindrical

aquatic live in water with high content of hydrogen disulfide, can cause problems for sewage treatment

120
Q

morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus coxiella

A

small, gram-negative bacillus

obligatory intracellular bacteria cause Q fever potential for use as biological weapon

121
Q

morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus enterobacter

A

gram- negative bacillus

facultative anaerobe, cause urinary and respiratory tract infections in hospitalized patients,

122
Q

morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus erwinia

A

gram- negative bacillus

plant pathogen causing leaf spots and discoloration
may digest cellulose, prefers low temps

123
Q

morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus escherichia

A

gram negative

facultative anaerobe
inhale GI tract of warm blooded animals
some are mutualistic and produce vitamin k

124
Q

morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus hemophilus

A

gram- negative

pleomorphic, may appear as coccobacillus aerobe or facultative anaerobe, grow on blood agar, can cause respiratory infections or chancroid

125
Q

morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus klebsiella

A

gram negative bacillus
appears rounder and thicker than other members of enterobacteriaceae

facultative anaerobe, encapsulated nonmotile pathogenic, make cause pneumonia especially in alcoholics

126
Q

morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus legionella

A

gram negative bacillus

fastidious, grow on charcoal-buffered yeast
causes legionnaires disease

127
Q

morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus

A

methylomonas

use methane as source of carbon energy

128
Q

morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus proteus

A

gram-negative bacillus

common in GI tract motile, produce urease
opportunistic pathogen may cause UTI or sepsis

129
Q

morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus pseudomonas

A

gram-negative bacillus

Aerobic; versatile; produce yellow and blue pigments, making them appear green in culture; opportunistic, antibiotic-resistant pathogens may cause wound infections, hospital-acquired infections, and secondary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis

130
Q

morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus serrate

A

Motile; may produce red pigment; opportunistic pathogens responsible for a large number of hospital-acquired infections

131
Q

morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus shigella

A

Nonmotile; dangerously pathogenic; produce Shiga toxin, which can destroy cells of the gastrointestinal tract; can cause dysentery

132
Q

morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus vibrio

A

gram-negative comma or curved rod shaped bacteria

Inhabit seawater; flagellated, motile; may produce toxin that causes hypersecretion of water and electrolytes in the gastrointestinal tract; some species may cause serious wound infections

133
Q

morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus yersinia

A

gram negative bacillus

Carried by rodents; human pathogens; Y. pestis causes bubonic plague and pneumonic plague; Y. enterocolitica can be a pathogen causing diarrhea in humans

134
Q

what are epsilonproteobacteria

A

small class that are gram-negative microaerophilic bacteria (require only small amounts of oxygen

135
Q

what are the two relevant genera of epsilonptoreobacteria

A

campylobacter and helicobacter

136
Q

what does campylobacter cause

A

food poisoning that manifests as severe enteritis by species C. jeuni usually eating contaminated poultry

137
Q

what is h. pylori

A

helical, flagellated bacterium that is beneficial to stomach microbiotia

138
Q

what does h. pylori cause

A

chronic gastritis and ulcers of stomach duodenum, linked to stomach cancer,

139
Q

what makes h. pylori unusual

A

its ability to survive in highly acidic environments of the stomach

it produces urease and other enzymes that modify its environment to make it less acidic

140
Q
A

Microbioloy (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions