CH 4 prokaryotes Flashcards
1
Q
What domains are prokaryotes
A
archaea and bacteria
2
Q
what is the main distinguination between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
A
prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles
3
Q
where are prokaryotes found
A
Everywhere on earth
4
Q
how much do bacterial cells outnumber human cells in the body
A
10:1
5
Q
what areas of the human body do bacteria thrive in
A
mouth
nasal cavity
throat
ears
GI tract
and vagina
skin (especially moist parts)
6
Q
list an example of how prokaryotes are important for ecosystems
A
they are a necessary part of soil formation and stabilization through the breakdown of organic matter and development of biofilms
7
Q
how many microorganisms are in 1 gram of soil
A
10 billion
8
Q
what do bacteria in soil use for nutrients
A
substances released from plant roots such as acids and carbohydrates
9
Q
what happens after bacteria metabolizes plant products
A
they release them Bach to the soil forming humus and increasing fertility of soil
10
Q
what do halo bacteria do in salty lakes
A
decompose dead brine shrimp and nourish young brine shrimp and flies with products of bacterial metabolism
11
Q
Why can prokaryotes be found in all environments
A
they are resilient and adaptable, and metabolically flexible
12
Q
what does metabolically flexible mean
A
they can switch from one energy source to another depending on availability or from one metabolic pathway to another
13
Q
how does prokaryotic cyanobacteria demonstrate metabolic flexibility
A
They can switch from a conventional type of lipid metabolism such as production of fatty aldehydes to a different type of lipid metabolism that generates biofuel such as fatty acids and wax esters
14
Q
how does groundwater bacteria demonstrate metabolic flexibility
A
they store complex high energy carbs when in pure ground water but metabolize them when ground water is enriched with phosphates
15
Q
what is an example of switching metabolic pathways
A
some bacteria get energy by reducing sulfates into sulfides but can switch to producing acids and free hydrogen ions
16
Q
How do prokaryotes perform functions vital to life on earth
A
they capture (fix) and recycle elements like carbon and nitrogen. since animals require carbon to grow but are unable to use inorganic carbon sources. so prokaryotes are needed to to turn carbon dioxide into organic carbon (carbon fixation)
17
Q
what is nitrogen fixation
A
the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia
18
Q
what is nitrogen fixation important
A
plants use it to form different biomolecules necessary to their survival
19
Q
how do prokaryotes clean the environment
A
some bacteria play a role in degrading toxic chemicals that pollute water and soil
20
Q
what percent of prokaryotes are human pathogens
A
less than 1% all bacteria
21
Q
how does bacteria contribute to the greenhouse effects
A
as soil that is usually frozen thaws the carbon trapped is released and metabolized producing massive amounts of carbon dioxide and methane
22
Q
What is microbial ecology
A
the study of interactions between microbial populations
23
Q
what is a community
A
a group of interacting organisms
24
Q
what are cooperative interactions
A
interactions that benefit populations
25
what is are competitive interactions
one where one population competes with another for resources
26
what is a symbiosis
an interaction between different species that are associated with each other within a community
27
What is a mutualism relationship
both populations are benefitted
28
what is an amensalism
one population is harmed and the other is unaffected
29
what is a commensalism relationship
one population benefits while the other in unaffected
30
what is a neutralism relationship
neither is affected
31
what is a parasitism relationship
one is benefitted and one is harmed
32
how is bacterium bactericides theaiotaomicron beneficial for humans
is live in the GI tract and and digests complex polysaccharide plant materials that humans can't converting them to monosaccharides
33
how do some strains of E. coli have a mutualism relationship with us
ecoli relies on intestinal contents for nutrients and humans derive certain vitamins from E. coli such as vitamin k
34
what is predominant on the human cheek
streptococcus
35
what is predominant on the throat, tonsil and saliva
fusobacterium
36
what is most often found in the intestine
Bacteroides
37
What is the baby inoculated with as part of a natural birth
lactobacillus app from the vagina
38
how long does it take for the microbiota of the small intestine to change
a 9 hour period half of inhabitants will be different
39
why are resident microbiota important
they occupy areas that might otherwise be taken up by pathogens
40
what does lactobacillus app do
produce lactic acid contributing to acidity of the vagina preventing the growth of yeast by
41
how are prokaryotes classified
based on shape
staining patterns
biochemical or physiological differences
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES IN GENES
42
what did David Hendricks Bergen publish
a manual in determinative bacteriology
43
what did David Hendricks bergen attempts to summarize in his book
the information about the kinds of bacteria known at the time using latin binomial classification
44
what does the five volume bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology do
expands on bergeys original manual including additional species with up to date descriptions of taxonomy and biological properties of all named prokaryotic taxa
45
how are bacteria traditionally classified based on staining patterns
gram-positive
gram-negative
atypical
46
what do gram-positive bacteria possess
a thick peptidoglycan cell wall that retains the primary stain (crystal violet) during the decolorizing step so they are purple after the gram stain procedure
47
what do gram negative bacteria contain
a thin peptidoglycan cell wall that does not prevent the crystal violet from washing away so it appears red/light pink after staining with safranin
48
what are examples of atypical bacteria
mycoplasma and chlamydia
rickettsia because they are too small to be evaluated by gram stain
49
what are gram-negative bacteria further classified into
proteobacteria, cytophaga-flavobacterium-bacteroides and spirochetes
50
What are deeply branching bacteria
thought to be very early evolutionary form of bacteria
51
where do deeply branching bacteria live
hot, acidic, ultraviolet-light exposed and anaerobic conditons
52
what is proteobacteria
a phylum of very diverse groups of gram-negative bacteria, includes E. coli and bordetella pertussis
53
what does FFB group of bacteria include
components of the human gut
54
what are spirochetes
spiral-shaped bacteria that include treponema palladium that causes syphilis
55
how can gram positive bacteria be further classified
low G+C and high G+C due to their prevalence of guanine and cytosine
56
what does low G+C gram positive bacteria include
bacillus anthraces (anthrax)
clostridium tetani (tetanus)
listeria monocyogenes (listeriosis)
57
what does high G+C gram positive include
corynebacterium diphtheriae (diphtheria)
mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
58
what does it mean if something is high or low G+C
It either has less than 50% guanine and cytosine nucleotides in DNA or more than 50%
59
What did carl woes suggest
that large and diverse group of bacteria should be defined as a separate phylum within the domain bacteria based on nucleoside sequence in their genome
60
what did gram negative bacteria name of phylum become
proteobacteria
61
what are the 5 classes of proteobacteria
alphaproteobacteria
betaproteobacteria
gammaproteobacteria
deltaproteobacteria
epsilonproteobacteria
62
what are alphaproteobacteria
obligate or facultative intracellular bacteria can be oligotrphs
63
what are oligotrophs
organisms capable of living in low nutrient environments such as deep oceanic sediments, glacial ice or deep undersurface soil
64
what are rickettsias
obligate intracellular pathogens that require their life cycle to occur inside host cells
65
what happens to rickettsia outside of a host cell
They are metabolically inactive
66
why do rickettsia rely on other cells
they cannot synthesize their own ATP and rely on other cells for their energy needs
67
what is a pathogen caused by rickettsia spp
Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus
68
alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus agrobacterium
gram negative- bacillus
plant pathogen, one species, a tumefaciens, causes tumors in plants
69
alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus bartonella
gram-negative pleomorphic flagellated coccobacillus
facultative intracellular bacteria, transmitted by lice and fleas, cause trench fever and cat scratch disease in humans
70
alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus brucella
gram negative small, facultative intracellular bacteria transmitted by contaminated milk from infected dairy cows, causes brucellosis in cattle and humans
71
alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus caulobacter
gram negative bacillus
72
alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus ehrilichia
very small gram-negative coccoid or ovoid bacteria
obligatory intercellular bacteria,
can be transported cell to cell
transmitted by ticks
destructs white blood cells in humans and dogs
73
alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus hyphomicrobium
gram negative bacilli grows from stock
similar to caulobacter
74
alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus methylocystis
gram negative coccoid or short bacilli
nitrogen fixing aerobic bacteria
75
alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus rhizobium
gram negative rectangular bacilli with rounded ends forming clusters
nitrogen fixing bacteria that live in soil and form symbiotic relationship with roots of legumes
76
alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genusrickettsia
gram negative highly pleomorphic, may be cocci, rods or threads
obligate intracellular bacteria
transmitted by ticks
may cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus
77
describe betaproteobacteria
they have a wide range of metabolic strategies and can survive in a wide range of environments
78
where do Neisseria live
mucosal surfaces of the human body
79
what does fastidious mean
difficult to culture
80
what do neisseria need to survive
high levels of moisture
nutrient supplements and carbon dioxide, they are microaerophilic
81
what does microaerophilic mean
requires low levels of oxygen
82
how is neisseria grown
on chocolate agar (agar supplemented by partially hemolyses blood cells
83
what is the growth pattern for neisseria
diplococcal, pairs of cells resembling coffee
84
betaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus
small gram-negative coccobacillus
aerobic, fastidious, causes pertussis (whooping cough)
85
betaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus burkholderia
gram negative bacillus
aerobic, aquatic, causes disease in horses and humans especially people with cystic fibrosis
agent of nosocomial infections
86
betaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus leptothrix
gram negative, sheathed, filamentous bacillus
aquatic, oxidize iron and manganese
can live in case water treatment plants and clog pipes
87
betaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus neisseria
gram negative coffee bean shaped coccus forming pairs
require moister and high concentration of carbon dioxide, oxidase positive, grow on chocolate agar, causes gonorrhea and meningitis
88
betaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus thiobacillus
gram negative bacillus
thermophile
acidophilic
strictly aerobic bacteria
oxidize iron and sulfer
89
Examples of pseudomonas
p. aeruginosa
fluorescens
p. putida
90
what genus are pseudomonas
pseudomonaceae
91
describe p. aeruginosa
aerobic, non fermenting, highly motile bacterium
92
what does p. Aeruginosa infect
wounds and burns
93
what can p aeruginosa cause
chronic UTI
respiratory infections in those with cystic fibrosis or mechanical ventilators
94
why are p. aeruginosa difficult to treat
it is resistant to many ABX and an ability to form biofilms
95
What is included in the order vibrionales
vibrio cholera
V. parahaemolyticus
v. vulnificus
aliivibrio fischeri
96
describe does vibrio cholera
comma-shaped aquatic bacterium that thrives in highly alkaline environments like shallow lagoons and sea ports
97
what do toxins released by V. cholera lead to
hyper secretion of electrolytes and water in the large intestine
98
what does v. vulnificus cause
cellulitis and blood borne infections
99
what does v. parahaemolyticus cause
a gastrointestinal disease in humans.
100
what is the relationship between aliivibrio fisher and squid
symbiotic
the squid provides nutrients for the bacteria and the bacteria produce bioluminescence to protect squid
101
what is pneumophilia responsible for
legionnaires disease
102
what is L. pneumophilia
an aquatic bacteria that tends to inhabit pools of warm water such as those in in air conditioners in large buildings
103
how does legionnaires disease usually spread
in people of a same building that have a/C contaminated by water
104
what is enterobacteriaeae
a large family of enteric bacteria belong to gammaproteobacteria
105
Describe enterobacteriaceae
they are facultative anaerobes and are able to ferment carbs
106
what are the two categories in the enterobacteriaceae family
coliforms
non-coliforms
107
what makes coliform special
they are able to ferment lactose completely with the production of acid and gas
108
what is an example of coliforms
e. coli
109
what makes non-coliform different from coliforms
They either cannot ferment lactose or can only ferment it incompletely producing acid or gas but not both
110
what are examples of non-coliforms
salmonella
shigella
yersinia pestis
111
who first described e. coli
theodor escherich
112
what relationships do most E. coli have with humans
mutualistic
113
what do some strains of E. coli produce
potentially deadly toxin shiga toxin
114
what happens when shiva toxin interacts with ribosomes
stops protein synthesis leading to cellular death and hemorrhagic colitis
115
What is E. coli characterized by
inflammation of intersatinal tract and bloody diarrhea, some strains have travelers diarrhea
116
what are serotypes
strains or variations of the same species of bacteria
117
what are serotypes of salmonella characterized by
inflammation of the small and large intestine accompanied by fever, vomiting, and diarrhea
118
what does s. enterobacterica cause
typhoid fever
119
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus beggiatoa
gram- negative disk shaped or cylindrical
aquatic live in water with high content of hydrogen disulfide, can cause problems for sewage treatment
120
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus coxiella
small, gram-negative bacillus
obligatory intracellular bacteria cause Q fever potential for use as biological weapon
121
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus enterobacter
gram- negative bacillus
facultative anaerobe, cause urinary and respiratory tract infections in hospitalized patients,
122
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus erwinia
gram- negative bacillus
plant pathogen causing leaf spots and discoloration
may digest cellulose, prefers low temps
123
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus escherichia
gram negative
facultative anaerobe
inhale GI tract of warm blooded animals
some are mutualistic and produce vitamin k
124
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus hemophilus
gram- negative
pleomorphic, may appear as coccobacillus aerobe or facultative anaerobe, grow on blood agar, can cause respiratory infections or chancroid
125
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus klebsiella
gram negative bacillus
appears rounder and thicker than other members of enterobacteriaceae
facultative anaerobe, encapsulated nonmotile pathogenic, make cause pneumonia especially in alcoholics
126
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus legionella
gram negative bacillus
fastidious, grow on charcoal-buffered yeast
causes legionnaires disease
127
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus
methylomonas
use methane as source of carbon energy
128
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus proteus
gram-negative bacillus
common in GI tract motile, produce urease
opportunistic pathogen may cause UTI or sepsis
129
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus pseudomonas
gram-negative bacillus
Aerobic; versatile; produce yellow and blue pigments, making them appear green in culture; opportunistic, antibiotic-resistant pathogens may cause wound infections, hospital-acquired infections, and secondary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis
130
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus serrate
Motile; may produce red pigment; opportunistic pathogens responsible for a large number of hospital-acquired infections
131
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus shigella
Nonmotile; dangerously pathogenic; produce Shiga toxin, which can destroy cells of the gastrointestinal tract; can cause dysentery
132
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus vibrio
gram-negative comma or curved rod shaped bacteria
Inhabit seawater; flagellated, motile; may produce toxin that causes hypersecretion of water and electrolytes in the gastrointestinal tract; some species may cause serious wound infections
133
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus yersinia
gram negative bacillus
Carried by rodents; human pathogens; Y. pestis causes bubonic plague and pneumonic plague; Y. enterocolitica can be a pathogen causing diarrhea in humans
134
what are epsilonproteobacteria
small class that are gram-negative microaerophilic bacteria (require only small amounts of oxygen
135
what are the two relevant genera of epsilonptoreobacteria
campylobacter and helicobacter
136
what does campylobacter cause
food poisoning that manifests as severe enteritis by species C. jeuni usually eating contaminated poultry
137
what is h. pylori
helical, flagellated bacterium that is beneficial to stomach microbiotia
138
what does h. pylori cause
chronic gastritis and ulcers of stomach duodenum, linked to stomach cancer,
139
what makes h. pylori unusual
its ability to survive in highly acidic environments of the stomach
it produces urease and other enzymes that modify its environment to make it less acidic
140
