CH 4 prokaryotes Flashcards
What domains are prokaryotes
archaea and bacteria
what is the main distinguination between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles
where are prokaryotes found
Everywhere on earth
how much do bacterial cells outnumber human cells in the body
10:1
what areas of the human body do bacteria thrive in
mouth
nasal cavity
throat
ears
GI tract
and vagina
skin (especially moist parts)
list an example of how prokaryotes are important for ecosystems
they are a necessary part of soil formation and stabilization through the breakdown of organic matter and development of biofilms
how many microorganisms are in 1 gram of soil
10 billion
what do bacteria in soil use for nutrients
substances released from plant roots such as acids and carbohydrates
what happens after bacteria metabolizes plant products
they release them Bach to the soil forming humus and increasing fertility of soil
what do halo bacteria do in salty lakes
decompose dead brine shrimp and nourish young brine shrimp and flies with products of bacterial metabolism
Why can prokaryotes be found in all environments
they are resilient and adaptable, and metabolically flexible
what does metabolically flexible mean
they can switch from one energy source to another depending on availability or from one metabolic pathway to another
how does prokaryotic cyanobacteria demonstrate metabolic flexibility
They can switch from a conventional type of lipid metabolism such as production of fatty aldehydes to a different type of lipid metabolism that generates biofuel such as fatty acids and wax esters
how does groundwater bacteria demonstrate metabolic flexibility
they store complex high energy carbs when in pure ground water but metabolize them when ground water is enriched with phosphates
what is an example of switching metabolic pathways
some bacteria get energy by reducing sulfates into sulfides but can switch to producing acids and free hydrogen ions
How do prokaryotes perform functions vital to life on earth
they capture (fix) and recycle elements like carbon and nitrogen. since animals require carbon to grow but are unable to use inorganic carbon sources. so prokaryotes are needed to to turn carbon dioxide into organic carbon (carbon fixation)
what is nitrogen fixation
the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia
what is nitrogen fixation important
plants use it to form different biomolecules necessary to their survival
how do prokaryotes clean the environment
some bacteria play a role in degrading toxic chemicals that pollute water and soil
what percent of prokaryotes are human pathogens
less than 1% all bacteria
how does bacteria contribute to the greenhouse effects
as soil that is usually frozen thaws the carbon trapped is released and metabolized producing massive amounts of carbon dioxide and methane
What is microbial ecology
the study of interactions between microbial populations
what is a community
a group of interacting organisms
what are cooperative interactions
interactions that benefit populations
what is are competitive interactions
one where one population competes with another for resources
what is a symbiosis
an interaction between different species that are associated with each other within a community
What is a mutualism relationship
both populations are benefitted
what is an amensalism
one population is harmed and the other is unaffected
what is a commensalism relationship
one population benefits while the other in unaffected
what is a neutralism relationship
neither is affected
what is a parasitism relationship
one is benefitted and one is harmed
how is bacterium bactericides theaiotaomicron beneficial for humans
is live in the GI tract and and digests complex polysaccharide plant materials that humans can’t converting them to monosaccharides
how do some strains of E. coli have a mutualism relationship with us
ecoli relies on intestinal contents for nutrients and humans derive certain vitamins from E. coli such as vitamin k
what is predominant on the human cheek
streptococcus
what is predominant on the throat, tonsil and saliva
fusobacterium
what is most often found in the intestine
Bacteroides
What is the baby inoculated with as part of a natural birth
lactobacillus app from the vagina
how long does it take for the microbiota of the small intestine to change
a 9 hour period half of inhabitants will be different
why are resident microbiota important
they occupy areas that might otherwise be taken up by pathogens
what does lactobacillus app do
produce lactic acid contributing to acidity of the vagina preventing the growth of yeast by
how are prokaryotes classified
based on shape
staining patterns
biochemical or physiological differences
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES IN GENES
what did David Hendricks Bergen publish
a manual in determinative bacteriology
what did David Hendricks bergen attempts to summarize in his book
the information about the kinds of bacteria known at the time using latin binomial classification
what does the five volume bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology do
expands on bergeys original manual including additional species with up to date descriptions of taxonomy and biological properties of all named prokaryotic taxa
how are bacteria traditionally classified based on staining patterns
gram-positive
gram-negative
atypical
what do gram-positive bacteria possess
a thick peptidoglycan cell wall that retains the primary stain (crystal violet) during the decolorizing step so they are purple after the gram stain procedure
what do gram negative bacteria contain
a thin peptidoglycan cell wall that does not prevent the crystal violet from washing away so it appears red/light pink after staining with safranin
what are examples of atypical bacteria
mycoplasma and chlamydia
rickettsia because they are too small to be evaluated by gram stain
what are gram-negative bacteria further classified into
proteobacteria, cytophaga-flavobacterium-bacteroides and spirochetes
What are deeply branching bacteria
thought to be very early evolutionary form of bacteria
where do deeply branching bacteria live
hot, acidic, ultraviolet-light exposed and anaerobic conditons
what is proteobacteria
a phylum of very diverse groups of gram-negative bacteria, includes E. coli and bordetella pertussis
what does FFB group of bacteria include
components of the human gut
what are spirochetes
spiral-shaped bacteria that include treponema palladium that causes syphilis
how can gram positive bacteria be further classified
low G+C and high G+C due to their prevalence of guanine and cytosine
what does low G+C gram positive bacteria include
bacillus anthraces (anthrax)
clostridium tetani (tetanus)
listeria monocyogenes (listeriosis)
what does high G+C gram positive include
corynebacterium diphtheriae (diphtheria)
mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
what does it mean if something is high or low G+C
It either has less than 50% guanine and cytosine nucleotides in DNA or more than 50%
What did carl woes suggest
that large and diverse group of bacteria should be defined as a separate phylum within the domain bacteria based on nucleoside sequence in their genome
what did gram negative bacteria name of phylum become
proteobacteria
what are the 5 classes of proteobacteria
alphaproteobacteria
betaproteobacteria
gammaproteobacteria
deltaproteobacteria
epsilonproteobacteria
what are alphaproteobacteria
obligate or facultative intracellular bacteria can be oligotrphs
what are oligotrophs
organisms capable of living in low nutrient environments such as deep oceanic sediments, glacial ice or deep undersurface soil
what are rickettsias
obligate intracellular pathogens that require their life cycle to occur inside host cells
what happens to rickettsia outside of a host cell
They are metabolically inactive
why do rickettsia rely on other cells
they cannot synthesize their own ATP and rely on other cells for their energy needs
what is a pathogen caused by rickettsia spp
Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus
alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus agrobacterium
gram negative- bacillus
plant pathogen, one species, a tumefaciens, causes tumors in plants
alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus bartonella
gram-negative pleomorphic flagellated coccobacillus
facultative intracellular bacteria, transmitted by lice and fleas, cause trench fever and cat scratch disease in humans
alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus brucella
gram negative small, facultative intracellular bacteria transmitted by contaminated milk from infected dairy cows, causes brucellosis in cattle and humans
alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus caulobacter
gram negative bacillus
alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus ehrilichia
very small gram-negative coccoid or ovoid bacteria
obligatory intercellular bacteria,
can be transported cell to cell
transmitted by ticks
destructs white blood cells in humans and dogs
alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus hyphomicrobium
gram negative bacilli grows from stock
similar to caulobacter
alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus methylocystis
gram negative coccoid or short bacilli
nitrogen fixing aerobic bacteria
alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus rhizobium
gram negative rectangular bacilli with rounded ends forming clusters
nitrogen fixing bacteria that live in soil and form symbiotic relationship with roots of legumes
alphaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genusrickettsia
gram negative highly pleomorphic, may be cocci, rods or threads
obligate intracellular bacteria
transmitted by ticks
may cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus
describe betaproteobacteria
they have a wide range of metabolic strategies and can survive in a wide range of environments
where do Neisseria live
mucosal surfaces of the human body
what does fastidious mean
difficult to culture
what do neisseria need to survive
high levels of moisture
nutrient supplements and carbon dioxide, they are microaerophilic
what does microaerophilic mean
requires low levels of oxygen
how is neisseria grown
on chocolate agar (agar supplemented by partially hemolyses blood cells
what is the growth pattern for neisseria
diplococcal, pairs of cells resembling coffee
betaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus
small gram-negative coccobacillus
aerobic, fastidious, causes pertussis (whooping cough)
betaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus burkholderia
gram negative bacillus
aerobic, aquatic, causes disease in horses and humans especially people with cystic fibrosis
agent of nosocomial infections
betaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus leptothrix
gram negative, sheathed, filamentous bacillus
aquatic, oxidize iron and manganese
can live in case water treatment plants and clog pipes
betaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus neisseria
gram negative coffee bean shaped coccus forming pairs
require moister and high concentration of carbon dioxide, oxidase positive, grow on chocolate agar, causes gonorrhea and meningitis
betaproteobacteria microscopic morphology and unique characteristics for genus thiobacillus
gram negative bacillus
thermophile
acidophilic
strictly aerobic bacteria
oxidize iron and sulfer
Examples of pseudomonas
p. aeruginosa
fluorescens
p. putida
what genus are pseudomonas
pseudomonaceae
describe p. aeruginosa
aerobic, non fermenting, highly motile bacterium
what does p. Aeruginosa infect
wounds and burns
what can p aeruginosa cause
chronic UTI
respiratory infections in those with cystic fibrosis or mechanical ventilators
why are p. aeruginosa difficult to treat
it is resistant to many ABX and an ability to form biofilms
What is included in the order vibrionales
vibrio cholera
V. parahaemolyticus
v. vulnificus
aliivibrio fischeri
describe does vibrio cholera
comma-shaped aquatic bacterium that thrives in highly alkaline environments like shallow lagoons and sea ports
what do toxins released by V. cholera lead to
hyper secretion of electrolytes and water in the large intestine
what does v. vulnificus cause
cellulitis and blood borne infections
what does v. parahaemolyticus cause
a gastrointestinal disease in humans.
what is the relationship between aliivibrio fisher and squid
symbiotic
the squid provides nutrients for the bacteria and the bacteria produce bioluminescence to protect squid
what is pneumophilia responsible for
legionnaires disease
what is L. pneumophilia
an aquatic bacteria that tends to inhabit pools of warm water such as those in in air conditioners in large buildings
how does legionnaires disease usually spread
in people of a same building that have a/C contaminated by water
what is enterobacteriaeae
a large family of enteric bacteria belong to gammaproteobacteria
Describe enterobacteriaceae
they are facultative anaerobes and are able to ferment carbs
what are the two categories in the enterobacteriaceae family
coliforms
non-coliforms
what makes coliform special
they are able to ferment lactose completely with the production of acid and gas
what is an example of coliforms
e. coli
what makes non-coliform different from coliforms
They either cannot ferment lactose or can only ferment it incompletely producing acid or gas but not both
what are examples of non-coliforms
salmonella
shigella
yersinia pestis
who first described e. coli
theodor escherich
what relationships do most E. coli have with humans
mutualistic
what do some strains of E. coli produce
potentially deadly toxin shiga toxin
what happens when shiva toxin interacts with ribosomes
stops protein synthesis leading to cellular death and hemorrhagic colitis
What is E. coli characterized by
inflammation of intersatinal tract and bloody diarrhea, some strains have travelers diarrhea
what are serotypes
strains or variations of the same species of bacteria
what are serotypes of salmonella characterized by
inflammation of the small and large intestine accompanied by fever, vomiting, and diarrhea
what does s. enterobacterica cause
typhoid fever
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus beggiatoa
gram- negative disk shaped or cylindrical
aquatic live in water with high content of hydrogen disulfide, can cause problems for sewage treatment
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus coxiella
small, gram-negative bacillus
obligatory intracellular bacteria cause Q fever potential for use as biological weapon
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus enterobacter
gram- negative bacillus
facultative anaerobe, cause urinary and respiratory tract infections in hospitalized patients,
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus erwinia
gram- negative bacillus
plant pathogen causing leaf spots and discoloration
may digest cellulose, prefers low temps
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus escherichia
gram negative
facultative anaerobe
inhale GI tract of warm blooded animals
some are mutualistic and produce vitamin k
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus hemophilus
gram- negative
pleomorphic, may appear as coccobacillus aerobe or facultative anaerobe, grow on blood agar, can cause respiratory infections or chancroid
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus klebsiella
gram negative bacillus
appears rounder and thicker than other members of enterobacteriaceae
facultative anaerobe, encapsulated nonmotile pathogenic, make cause pneumonia especially in alcoholics
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus legionella
gram negative bacillus
fastidious, grow on charcoal-buffered yeast
causes legionnaires disease
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus
methylomonas
use methane as source of carbon energy
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus proteus
gram-negative bacillus
common in GI tract motile, produce urease
opportunistic pathogen may cause UTI or sepsis
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus pseudomonas
gram-negative bacillus
Aerobic; versatile; produce yellow and blue pigments, making them appear green in culture; opportunistic, antibiotic-resistant pathogens may cause wound infections, hospital-acquired infections, and secondary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus serrate
Motile; may produce red pigment; opportunistic pathogens responsible for a large number of hospital-acquired infections
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus shigella
Nonmotile; dangerously pathogenic; produce Shiga toxin, which can destroy cells of the gastrointestinal tract; can cause dysentery
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus vibrio
gram-negative comma or curved rod shaped bacteria
Inhabit seawater; flagellated, motile; may produce toxin that causes hypersecretion of water and electrolytes in the gastrointestinal tract; some species may cause serious wound infections
morphology and unique characteristics of gammaproteobacteria genus yersinia
gram negative bacillus
Carried by rodents; human pathogens; Y. pestis causes bubonic plague and pneumonic plague; Y. enterocolitica can be a pathogen causing diarrhea in humans
what are epsilonproteobacteria
small class that are gram-negative microaerophilic bacteria (require only small amounts of oxygen
what are the two relevant genera of epsilonptoreobacteria
campylobacter and helicobacter
what does campylobacter cause
food poisoning that manifests as severe enteritis by species C. jeuni usually eating contaminated poultry
what is h. pylori
helical, flagellated bacterium that is beneficial to stomach microbiotia
what does h. pylori cause
chronic gastritis and ulcers of stomach duodenum, linked to stomach cancer,
what makes h. pylori unusual
its ability to survive in highly acidic environments of the stomach
it produces urease and other enzymes that modify its environment to make it less acidic
