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Biomolecular Mechanisms > Microbial Diversity > Flashcards

Microbial Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

All organisms, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic have what?

A

Plasma membranes and ribosomes
Some common metabolic pathways
DNA replication

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2
Q

What are the most common shapes for bacteria?

Also name the other ones

A

Spheres, rods and spirals

Filamentous and branching

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3
Q

Name the two bacterial groups?

A

gram-negative

gram-negative

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4
Q

Describe what firmicutes endospore-forming bacteria is?

A
  • Generally rod shaped
  • Form spores under nutrient limitation or other adverse conditions
  • Resistant to heat and other stresses
  • Can remain dormant for long periods
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5
Q

Describe what firmicutes non-aspore forming bacteria is

A

Can remain dormant for long periods

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6
Q

What are mycoplasmas?

A

They lack a cell wall
Among smallest cellular organisms
Can be found as a lung infection- Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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7
Q

Describe Actinobacteria

A

Filamentous brnaching growth form
Many can form spores or filamnets can fragment into ‘bacilli’ or ‘cocci’ which can divide by binary fission
Common in soil
Some are important pathogens

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8
Q

Describe hyperthermophilic bacteria

A

Thermophiles meaning heat loving

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9
Q

What is the term extremophiles?

A

Live in conditions that would kill most other organisms

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10
Q

What is cyanobacteria?

A

‘blue-green algae’
Oxygenicphototrophs
Unicellular, colonial, filamentous
Vegetative cells, spores and heterocysts

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11
Q

What is spirochetes?

A

Gram-negative

Corkscrew movemtn by means of axial filaments that are modified flagella in the periplasmic space

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12
Q

What is the forms of chlamydia?

A

Eye infections, sexually-transmitted diseases, some forms of pneumonia

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13
Q

What is the largest bacterial group?

A

Proteobacteria

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14
Q

Descrive the types of alphaproteobacteria

A

Endosymbionts

Rickettsias

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15
Q

Name some betaproteobacteria

A

Photoheterotrophs- Rhodocyclus
Chemolithotrophs-Nitrosomonas, acidithiobacillus
Pathogens-Neisseria gonorrhoea, burkholderia cepacia

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16
Q

Name some gammaproteobacteria

A
  • Sulfur and iron phototrophs
  • Sulfur chemolithotrophs
  • Enterobacteriaceae
  • Vibrionacae and pseudomonadaceae
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17
Q

Name some deltaproteobacteria

A
  • Sulfate reducing bacteria

- Aerobic fruity-body forming Myxobacteria

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18
Q

Name some forms of epsilonproteobacteria

A
  • Microaerophillic helical pathogens

- Ecologically-significant bacteria

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19
Q

Archea is the most ecologically diverse of the three domains. Name some

A
  • Psychrophiles
  • Hyperthermophiles
  • Halophiles
  • Acidphiles
  • Methanogens
20
Q

Give some examples of unique traits that archea have

A
  • Absence of peptiglycan (methanogens have pseudopeptidoglycan)
  • Branched chains of lipids with ether not ester linkages
  • Metabolism-methanogenesis only found in archea
21
Q

What are the two main types of phyla?

A

Crenarchaeota

Euryacheaota

22
Q

What are examples of crenarchaeota?

A

Hyperthermophiles, acidophiles

>70-80c pH 1-3

23
Q

What are euryarchaeota?

A
  • Greater range of metabolism
  • Halophiles, high salt, may ahve carotenoid pigments
  • Alkalinophiles pH<11.5
  • Methanogens
24
Q

What archea produce methane, obligate anaerobes and are present in soil of wetlands, rice paddies and landfills?

A

Methanogens

25
Q

Name the types of extremophiles

A

Hyperthermophiles

Barophiles

26
Q

What type of archae phyla are known from DNA analysis?

A

Korarchaeota

27
Q

What archea phyla are very small in size ‘nano’

A

Nanoarcheota

28
Q

Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi can be termed what?

A

protists

29
Q

Most eukaryotes can be placed in one of 8 major clades. Name all 8 clades

A 
Alveolates
Stramenopiles
Rhizaria
Excavates
Plantae
Amoebozoans
Fungi
Choanoflagellates
30
Q

Describe Alveolates, strvamenopiles, rhizaria, excavates and amoebozoans

A
  • Diverse forms and lifestyles
  • Motile or immotile
  • Photosynthetic or heterotrophic
  • Mostly unicellular
  • Some multicellular
  • Microscopic or macroscopic
31
Q

Name three types of alveolates

A
  • Dinoflagellates
  • Ciliates
  • Apicomplexans
32
Q

Stramenopiles possess two flagella of unequal length. Name three of them?

A
  • Diatoms
  • Oomycetes
  • Brown algae
33
Q

Rhizaria are aquatic; unicellular and have cells, typically having long thin pseudopods. Name three types

A
  • Cercozoans
  • Foraminiferans
  • Radiolarians
34
Q

Name four excavates

A
  • Diplomonads and Parabasalids
  • Heteroloboseans
  • Euglenids
  • Kinetoplastids
35
Q

Name three types of amoebozoans

A
  • Loboseans
  • Plasmodial slime moulds
  • Cellular slime moulds
36
Q

Describe plasmodial slime moulds (amoebozoans)

A
  • Wall-less mass of cytoplasm and multinucleate
  • Moves over substarte through cytoplasmic streaming
  • Endocytic engulfing of food
  • Can produce fruiting structures
  • Spores germinate into haploid swarm cells that are flagellate or have pseudopodia
37
Q

Describe cellular slime moulds (amoebozoans)

A
  • Uninucleate haploid amoebae
  • Swarm, endocytose food sources including bacteria
  • Under appropriate conditions amoebae form a pseudoplasmodium
  • The slug eventually produces a fruit body
  • Released spores germinate to form amoebae
38
Q

Fungi, choanoglagellates and animals share a common ancestor forming a group called what?

A

Opisthokonts

39
Q

Distinctive features of fungi include what?

A
  • Absorptive heterotrophy (saprotrophic, parasitic and mutualistic)
  • Chitin in cell walls
40
Q

Typically, fungi grow as filaments termed hyphae and these are how long in diameter?

A

5-10um

41
Q

Hyphae are surroundeed by a wall and extend at their tips. This is called what kind of growth?

A

Apical growth

42
Q

The hyphae branch repeatedly to form the body of the fungus. This is called what?

A

The mycelium

43
Q

Microscopic fruiting bodies may arise from what?

A

Mycelium

44
Q

What is a characteristic reproduction feature of fungi?

A

Spores

45
Q

What is a fungi but predominantly unicellular?

A

Yeast

46
Q

Name the 6 classes of yeast

A
  • Microsporidia
  • Chytrids
  • Zygospore fungi (zygomycota)
  • Arbusclar mycorrhizal fungi (glomeromycota)
  • Sac fungi (Ascomycota)
  • Club fungi (Basidiomycota)

Biomolecular Mechanisms (17 decks)

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