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Biomolecular Mechanisms > Lipids and amino acids > Flashcards

Lipids and amino acids Flashcards

1
Q

Why are amino acids which arent used as building blockd degraded?

A

No storage for amino acids

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2
Q

Where is the major site for amino acid degradation?

A

Liver

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3
Q

Where is proteolytic enzymes absorbed and released? What do they produce?

A

Absorbed into intestinal cells and released into blood for absorption by other tissues

Produce- single smino acids, di/tri peptides

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4
Q

What happens in a protein turnover?

A

Tightly regulated
Takes place at different rates
Damaged proteins have to be removed

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5
Q

Some amino acids also contain nitrogen in the side chain which can be toxic when built up. Is ammonia or ammonium the toxic part?

A

Ammonium

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6
Q

After removal of the a-amino group the remaining carbon skeletons are converted into major metabolic intermediates. What can these be converted into?

A

Glucose or oxidised in the TCA cycle

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7
Q

What are ketogenic amino acids degraded into?

A
  • Degraded to acetyl-CoA or acetoacetyl-CoA

- Can give rise to ketpne bodies or fatty acids

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8
Q

What are glycogenic amino acids degraded to?

A
  • Degraded to pyruvate or TCA cycle intermediates

- Can be converted into phosphoenolpyruvate and then into glucose

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9
Q

What happens to amino acids in Alcaptonuria disorder?

A

Degradation of phenylalanine and tyrosine is blocked

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10
Q

What happens to amino acids in maple syrup urine disease?

What are the affects of the disease?

A

Degradation of valine, isoleucine, and leucine is blocked

Urine smells like maple syrup
Mental and physical retardation
Prevented by appropriate diet

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11
Q

What happens to amino acids in phenylketonuria disorder? How can it be treated?

A
  • Phenylaline accumulates in all body fluids
  • Leads to severe mental retardation if untreated

Therapy- Low phenylaline diet

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12
Q

What does an increased fat intake wihtout appropriate energy expenditure lead to?

A
  • Increase in number of adipocytes
  • More fat in adipocytes
  • Obesity
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13
Q

What does control of energy balance depend on?

A

-Genetically linked factors
(protein messengers regulating appetite)
-Environmental factors
(food abundance, fashionable foods)

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14
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

weight/(height)^2

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15
Q 
What is an:
Overweight (grade I obesity)
Clinical (grade II obesity)
Morbid (grade III obesity)
BMI number
A

Overweight 25-30kg/m2
Clinical >30kg/m2
Morbid >40kg/m2

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16
Q

What is diabetes mellitus associated with?

A

Obesity

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17
Q

List medical complications associated with obesity?

A 
Coronary heart disease
Hypertension
Stroke
Arthritis
Gall bladder disease
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18
Q

What polyunsaturated fatty acids can not be made by the body?

A

Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid, arachidonic acid

19
Q

What are some fat soluble lipids?

A

Vitamins- A, D, E, K

20
Q
  • Main energy source in adipose tissue
  • Comapact (dont require concomitant storage of water)
  • Hydrophoic
  • High energy yield per gram

What is this?

A

Triglycerides

21
Q

What does aliphatic mean?

A

No ring structure

22
Q

What are the main products of fat digestion?

A

Glycerol
Fatty acids
Monoglycerides

23
Q

Where do short and medium length fatty acids enter?

A

Portal blood

24
Q

Where do longer chain FAs and monoglycerides go?

A

Re-synthesised to triglycerides

25
Q

What are coated with a layer of protein, phospholipid and cholestoral

A

Chylomicrons

26
Q

Where do chylomicrons enter the body?

A

Lymph, then the blood stream

27
Q

At muscle and adipose tissue what happens to chylomicrons?

A

Attacked and cleaved by lipoprotein lipases

28
Q

What happens to free fatty acids?

A
  • Resynthesised into triacylglycerols

- Oxidised to provide energy in muscle

29
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

Breakdown of lipids

30
Q

In lipolysis of stored fat what happens in the initial cleavage by hormone sensitive lipase?

A

Releases free fatty acids and glycerol, occurs when energy is released

31
Q

What must happen before fatty acids can be oxidised to generate energy? Where does it occur

A

They have to be converted to CoA derivatives

In the cytoplasm

32
Q

Where does further oxidation of fatty acids occur? How does this happen

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

Special carrier mechanism- The carnitine shuttle

33
Q

What happens during the carnitine shuttle?

A

Fatty acids are transferred from acyl-CoA to carnitine

The machanism facilitates antipode of acyl-carnitine into the mitochondrion and carnitine out

34
Q

Where is the acyl-carnitine transporter located?

A

Inner membrane

35
Q

What is the net result of the carnitine shuttle?

A

acyl-CoA located in the mitochondriol matrix

36
Q

Where does beta oxidation take place

How many steps in this cycle?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

Four steps

37
Q

What are the products of the B oxidation cycle?

A

1 acetyl CoA
1 FADH2
1 NADH + H+
1 fatty acyl-CoA, shortened by 2 carbon atoms

38
Q

How many times doe sthe b oxidation cycle occur?

A

8 times

39
Q

What happens during the breakdown of glycerol?

A

Activated by glycerol-3-phosphate by glycerol kinase

Dehydrogenated to dihydroxyacetone phosphate

40
Q

What is the other name for fatty acid synthesis?

A

Lipogenesis

41
Q

Where does de novo synthesis of fatty acids mainly occur?

A

Liver, kidney, mammary glands, adipose tissue and brain

42
Q

What kind of process is lipogenesis?

A

Reductive

43
Q

What is the translation of post prandial?

A

After food

44
Q

What happens during the prolonged period of fasting?

A

Glycogen depleted, utilisation of other energy sources

Biomolecular Mechanisms (17 decks)

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