Adaptive immunity

Question 1

What two adaptive immune responses result from clonal expression?

Answer 1

Kill/eliminate pathogens

Long-lived immunological memory

Question 2

Lymphocyte activation occurs when what happens?

Answer 2

Specific antigen + co-stimulation

Question 3

Pairing of accessory molecules stabilises interaction and provides co-stimulation to what?

Answer 3

T lymphocytes

Question 4

What are the respones for a T cell antigen response (T-ind antigen)?

Answer 4

• Non-protein antigens
• Simple, repetitive antigens (often carbohydrates)
• PAMPs
• Induce mostly IgM antibody responses
• No memory B cells produced

Question 5

T-d antigen is what?

Answer 5

T cell dependant antigen

Question 6

T cell epitope is what?

Answer 6

Protein

Question 7

B cell epitope is what?

Answer 7

Any molecule type

Question 8

What is Interleukin 2 (IL-2)?

Answer 8

T cell mitogen and growth factor

Question 9

What does the cytokine milieu determine?

Answer 9

CD4+ T cell differentiation and conversion into specific effector Th cell subtypes

Question 10

What do Th1 cells do?

Answer 10

Activate infected macrophages

Question 11

What do Tfh cells do?

Answer 11

B cell activation, proliferation and differentiation

Question 12

Some pathogens can ascape phagolysosomal killing by macrophages. Name some examples

Answer 12

Salmonella
Listeria monocytogenes
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 13

What are Tdep antigens?

Answer 13

Short and long-lived plasma cells

Question 14

What are Tind antigens|?

Answer 14

Short-lived plasma cells only

Question 15

Antigen-activated CD8+ cells proliferate and differentiate into what?

Answer 15

Killer cells

Question 16

What do CTLa (cytotoxic T lymphocytes do?

Answer 16

Migrate out of the lymph node and eneter sites of infection in order to kill infected host cells

Question 17

How are CTLs selected killers?

Answer 17

• They only kill target cells expressing the correct peptide on MHC-Class I
• Also secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 18

How are CTLs efficent killers?

Answer 18

They can recycle to kill multiple targets

Question 19

What are the three components of CTL granules?

Answer 19

Perforin
Granzymes
Granulysin

Question 20

What is perforin?

Answer 20

Polymerises to form a pore in the target membrane
Cylinderical structure
Lipophillic outside
Hydrophillic centre

Question 21

What do Granzymes do?

Answer 21

• Serine proteases, at least 3 different types related to trypsin and chymotrypsin
• Induce apoptosis once in the target cell

Question 22

What does granulysin do?

Answer 22

• Has anti-microbial properties

- Promotes apoptosis

Question 23

What other way do CTLs kill?

Answer 23

Apoptotic pathway

Question 24

Describe the return to homeostasis

Answer 24

Negative feedback signals reduce co-stimulation

-Often a consequence of prolonged T cell activation-Exhausted cells

Question 25

Once the pathogen has been eliminated, tissue repair and wound healing is aided by what and how?

Answer 25

Macrophages which now witch from a pro-inflammatory state to an anti-inflammatory state