Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomolecular Mechanisms > Metabolism- Glycolysis > Flashcards

Metabolism- Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of metabolism?

A

Cells need a source of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is the energy provided from?

A

Electrons with negative redox potential (high energy electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do cells need in order to build cellular components?

A

Carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What equation makes up metabolism?

A

Catabolism + anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give the components of catabolism

A
  • Large complex organic molecules are decomposed into small molecules
  • Degradative
  • Oxidative
  • Energy is liberated
  • Converging
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give the components of anabolism

A
  • Large complex organic molecules are constructed from small molecules
  • Biosynthetic
  • Reductive
  • Energy is required
  • Diverging
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is oxidation and reduction in terms of loss and gain of electrons?

A

Oxidation is loss

Reduction is gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

As one molecule is oxidised, another one is reduced. What is the term used for this?

A

Redox pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In order of functional groups what groups are in most reduced state and highest free energy. Highest to lowest

A

Alkane -> alcohol -> aldehyde -> carboxylic acid -> carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does glucose oxidation release?

A

Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are oxidised to release high energy electrons?

A

Organic compounds

- carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do organic cofactors act as?

A

Electron carriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to a terminal electron acceptor?

A

Its reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Definition of enzyme

A

Proteins that catalyse the conversion of a substrate into a product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the different classes of enzymes

A 
Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Lyases
Isomerases
Ligases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

More than half of all organic carbon is in what two polysaccharides?

A

Starch

Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is glucose oxidised to?

A

CO2 and H20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What cell types require glucose as energy source?

A

Erythrocytes
Retina
Renal medulla
Brain

19
Q

What is the formula of glucose?

A

C6H1206

20
Q

What is the three carbon sugar called?

A

Glyceraldehyde

21
Q

What are the pentoses called?

A

Ribose

Deoxyribose

22
Q

What are the hexoses called?

A

Mannose
Galactose
Fructose

23
Q

What does an alpha-1,2 glycosidic linkage result in?

A

Sucrose

24
Q

What does an alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkage result in?

A

Maltose

25
Q

What does a beta-1,4 glycosidic linkage result in?

A

Cellobiose

26
Q

Name the polysaccharides

A

Cellulose

Starch and glycogen

27
Q

Name the three intracellular stages of metabolism

A
  • Acetyl-CoA production
  • Acetyl-CoA oxidation
  • Electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation
28
Q

How does glucose transport into the cell?

A

Via Na+/glucose symporters

29
Q

Where is GLUT1,2,3,4 and 5 (glucose transporters) located in the body?

A 
1- Brain
2- Liver, pancreatic B cells
3- Brain
4- Muscle, adipose tissue
5- Gut
30
Q

What happens to GLUT1 when glucose binds to it?

A

Triggers a conformational change so that the binding site faces inwards

31
Q

Give the overall reaction pathway for the conversion of glucose to pyruvate

A

glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + NAD+ -> 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2H20 + 2H20 + 2NADH + 2H+

32
Q

Describe stage 1 of glycolysis

A

Glucose is trapped and destabilised

33
Q

Describe stage 2 of glycolysis

A

Two interconvertible three-carbon molecules are formed

34
Q

Describe stage 3 of glycolysis

A

Generation of ATP

35
Q

What are the two major cellular needs in glycolysis?

A

Production of ATP

Provision of building blocks for synthetic reactions

36
Q

What is a potential control point in glycolysis?

A

Enzymes catalyzing essentially irreversible reactions

37
Q

What are the three irreversible/controlled reactions in glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate kinase

38
Q

What is the key enzyme in the control of glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase

39
Q

Show the reaction for phosphofructokinase

A

fructose 6-phosphate + ATP -> fructose 1,6-biphosphate + ADP + H+

40
Q

What are the negative modulators in glycolysis?

A
  • ATP
  • Citrate (early intermediate in KREBS, biosynthetic precursors are abundant)
  • H+ (prevents excessive formation of lactic acid)
41
Q

What are the positive modulators in glycolysis?

A
  • AMP

- fructose 2,6-biphosphate

42
Q

What does it mean if all adenylate nucleotides are in the shape of ATP?

A

the cell is fully charged

43
Q

What does it mean when the cell only contains AMP and PI?

A

The cells is discharged

44
Q

Why is AMP and not ADP the postive regulator?

A

Adenylate kinase can salvage some of the energy in ADP

2ADP -> ATP + AMP

Biomolecular Mechanisms (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions