Microbes

Question 1

extracellular bacteria cause disease which two ways?

Answer 1

inflammation (acute or chronic)

toxins (endo or exo)

Question 2

endotoxins in extracellular bact include:

exotoxins lead to which 3 diseases? describe the cause of each

Answer 2

LPS on G(-) bacterial cell wall

• cholera (cAMP continuously produced, Cl/water constantly released) - dehydration
• diptheria (inhibition of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
• tetanus (GABAergic neurons inhibited - they were already inhibitory, so now they’re constantly excitatory)

Question 3

T/F: innate immunity plays a role in infections of INTRAcellular bacteria

Answer 3

FALSE. innate has NOTHING to do w/ it. why? intracell bacteria are resistant! Need specific immunity (cell-mediated immunity) to take over

Question 4

what’s the major end pdt of infection by an intracellular bacteria? how is that different from from granulomatous tissue?

Answer 4

granuloma - CHRONIC; d/t waste pdts from are internalized by resistant intracellular bacteria
granulomatous tissue - NORMAL tissue formed from penetrating injury (the result of angiogenesis–> fibroblast proliferation –> scar formation –> remodeling –> tissue restoration

Question 5

Specifically what FACTOR do T cells release in the SPECIFIC immunity against intracellular bacteria?

Answer 5

cytokines - especially IFN-gamma!! - triggers POTENT inflammation to hopefully rid bacteria! (except in this case, you’ll just form a granuloma)

Question 6

What are two ways INTRAcellular bacteria resistant to degradation by macrophages?

Answer 6

1) block IFN-gamma response (no inflamm!)

2) block fusion w/ lysozyme (not broken down)

Question 7

Which three receptors do the following viruses bind to gain access inside the cell: HIV, Rhinovirus, Rabies?

Answer 7

HRR binds the CIA!
HIV: CD4 receptor
Rhinovirus: ICAM-1 (normally causes inflamm)
Rabies: Ach receptor

Question 8

two ways a virus can cause injury/cell death?

Answer 8

cytotoxic: immediate damage to cell - interfere w/ protein synthesis
non-cytotoxic: latent infection - incorporate into MHCs and stimulate cytotoxic cells

Question 9

two types of viral immunity: i___ and s___

-what two fxns does the first one perform?

Answer 9

innate, specific

• innate does the following:
  1) releases IFN–which increases NK activity and MHC expression (alert other cells)
  2) lysis of cells by NK cells (surveillance)

Question 10

name two live attenuated/killed vaccines:

Answer 10

cholera, TB (BCG)

Question 11

name two live attenuated vaccines:

Answer 11

polio (oral attenuated), rabies

Question 12

synthetic vaccine made of recombinant viral envelope proteins?

Answer 12

hepatitis

Question 13

name two toxoid vaccines (use a portion of the real virus?)

Answer 13

tetanus, diptheria

Question 14

two mechanisms viruses evade host immunity

-what compound (within the realm of the second mech) is released by EBV?

Answer 14

1) antigenic variation
2) release of immunosuppressive compounds - i.e. IL-10 release by EBV - shifts to TH2 and causes antibody production (who cares - th1 is what’s needed to kill it)

Question 15

number one cause of morbidity and mortality?

Answer 15

parasites

Question 16

two main cell types involved in the ELIMINATION of parasites - which is the FINAL EFFECTOR cell?

Answer 16

1) mast cells
2) EOSINOPHILS - the final effector
- releases MBP (major basic protein) - toxic to parasitic larvae - kills the parasite

Question 17

what are PRRs? what do they detect?

-two types of PRRs/where are they?

Answer 17

prr - pattern-recog receptors - recognize PAMPS - pattern-assc molecular patterns

• TLRs: on cell SURFACE
• NLRs: in cell CYTOPLASM

-take-home: PRRs are part of INNATE immunity to get rid of the parasite/pathogen as fast as possible