Cancer (15) Flashcards
most MORBID type of cancer?
-most COMMON in men? women?
morbid: lung (~200K new/yr, 160K deaths/yr)
men: prostate, women: breast
diff b/w oncogene and TSG?
oncogene: PROMOTES cell proliferation (cancer cell - grow like crazy!)
TSG: regulate cell growth - LIMIT growth in normal cell cycle
name 4 TSGs: [PARB]
-fxn of each?
p53
APC - adenomatous polyposis coli
Rb - retinoblastoma
BRCA1/BRCA2
main fxn of p53?
allow DNA repair - mutated in 50% of cancer pts
what’s the colon cancer gene? How might it impact the eye?
APC: associated w/ CHRPE
-generally though, causes numerous polyps in the gut that fill w/ mucosa
the Rb (retinoblastoma) gene controls which point in the cell cycle? -mutation causes proliferation in cancer cells in WHICH phase?
the R point - (where cell “commits”)
late G1 phase
-name the two “hits” of the two hit hypothesis:
1) INHERITED mutation to the Rb gene
2) ACQUIRED mutation in retinal cell d/t UV EXPOSURE (typically)
BRCA1/2 NORMAL fxn?
-what happens when it’s mutated?
-what are PARP inhibitors used for?
- repair double-stranded DNA breaks
- causes inappropriate fixes in the DNA - results in cells that live that shouldn’t have lived!
- PARP inhibitor: inhibits repair of a single-strand break - causes death of the cancer cell (good!)
name two types of pts that SHOULD have a mammography (age range, and if they have WHAT gene?)
50-70 YO women
-BRCA gene
90% of pt deaths d/t cancer are because of what process?
-usually death occurs as a result of the cancer reaching which two places?
metastasis
-brain or liver
uveal melanoma selectively metastasized to which two places?
the eye
the liver - that’ll kill ya.
T/F: immune system can’t mount a response to oncofetal antigens
-name two oncofetal antigens
true. b/c these antigens are expressed highly in the FETUS and seem “normal”
- AFP (alpha-feto protein) - spina bifida/LIVER Cx
- CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) - COLON Cx
name three cell types involved in ANTI-tumor immunity
1) macrophages - the MOST important. They release TNF - recruits tons of cells to the site of inflamm
2) CD8 - target the tumor w/ FasL (lyses Fas-containing cancer cell)
3) NK cells - nonspecific; work w/ antibodies via the ADCC (type 2 H/S) mech to lyse tumors
factor released by macrophages?
TNF - recruits help (NK, CD8 cells) to the site of inflammation
tumors evade the immune system by:
- expressing s___-antigens (oncofetal)
- express F___-L
- DOWNREGULATE MHC type __
- express ___-beta and IL-__
- self (oncofetal)
- Fas-L
- MHC type 1: downreg CD8 killers
- TGF beta/IL-10: major immunosuppressant, AND promotion to TH2–> so what. Produced a bunch of antibodies to COAT/protect the tumor