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FALL SEMESTER 2018 > micro exam #2 > Flashcards

micro exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

our mitochondria were once free living bacteria

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2
Q

who invented endosymbiotic theory

A

Lynn margulis 1967

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3
Q

what question did a cell biologist ask himself

A

how did life go from single cell to multicellular organisms?

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4
Q

what things are organelles?

A

Golgi apparatus, mitochondira, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes

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5
Q

organelle

A

sub cellular (smaller than a cell) structure that important for life but by them selves organelles are not alive

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6
Q

ribosomes

A

help with protein synthesis

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7
Q

DNA mRNA ribosomes

A

enzymes are a type of protein

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8
Q

endocytosis

A

process where cell “capture” other cell as a food source

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9
Q

aerobic respiration

A

process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen

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10
Q

first step of endosymbiosis

A

early cell engulfed aerobic bacteria

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11
Q

second step of endosymbiosis

A

they lost ability to live by themselves became mitochondria, chloroplast

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12
Q

where does bacteria produce their energy

A

cell membrane

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13
Q

prokaryotes

A

single celled organisms lacking membrane bound organelles

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14
Q

chloroplast and mitchchonira both contain their own

A

dna and ribosomes

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15
Q

circular dna

A

bacteria and mito

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16
Q

endosymbiosis

A

cell offers bacteria protection, moist environment (no drying out), food is brought to them

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17
Q

evidence for endosymbiosis

A

Mitch and bacteria-what in common?

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18
Q

evidence for endosymbiosis 1

A

Mitch have DNA

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19
Q

evidence for endosymbiosis 2

A

DNA genes, proteins, enzymes. Mitch has all enzymes needed for ATP

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20
Q

evidence for endosymbiosis 3

A

mitch have circular DNA like bacteria

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21
Q

evidence for endosymbiosis 4

A

mitch reproduce like bacteria

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22
Q

evidence for endosymbiosis 5

A

mitoribosomes, unique ribosomes in mitch

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23
Q

evidence for endosymbiosis 6

A

atp production and mitoribosomes in inner membrane

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24
Q

evidence for endosymbiosis 7

A

same size

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25
Q

macromolecule

A

molecule containing large # of atoms

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26
Q

ex of macromolecule

A

protein carbohydrate lipid nucleic acid

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27
Q

mitochondria

A

double membrane bound organelle

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28
Q

does bacteria have mitochondria

A

no

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29
Q

where is biochemical process of reparation and energy occur

A

mitochondria

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30
Q

role of mitochondria

A

produce energy currency of the cell through reparation and regulate cellular metabolism like Krebs cycle

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31
Q

can eukaryotes be both single and multicellular

A

yes

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32
Q

eukaryotes

A

membrane bound organelles, nucleus

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33
Q

all bacteria are “ “ and generally have a “ “

A

prokaryotic, single chromosome

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34
Q

biochemical testing

A

identify species or genus

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35
Q

GPR biochemical test

A

MSA, BAP, starch

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36
Q

GNR biochemical test

A

EMB carbohydrate test, MacConkey test

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37
Q

biochemical tests commonly use the

A

color system or gram staining

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38
Q

can disaccharide get though bacterium

A

no

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39
Q

carbohydrates used for

A

cell wall DNA formation

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40
Q

ex of monosaccharides

A

glucose fructose galactose

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41
Q

ex of disaccharide

A

sucrose lactose maltose

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42
Q

what happens of macromolecule is too big to simply cross into bacterium

A

bacterium must produce exoenzyme to break down macromolecule

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43
Q

endoenzymes

A

intercellular enzyme that functions within the cell in which it was produce (function within the cell)

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44
Q

lipase

A

enzymes that catalyzes breakdown of fatty acids

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45
Q

protease

A

enzymes breaksdown proteins (peptides

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46
Q

ph indicator can detect

A

fecal contamination

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47
Q

ph indicator

A

added to solution so acidity basicity can be seen visually

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48
Q

ph changes when

A

waste given off by bacteria metabolizing medium

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49
Q

periplasmic space

A

in negative: 2, periplasmic space, peptidoglycan, periplasmic space
in postive: 1 peptidoglycan, periplasmic space, plasma membrane

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50
Q

cell membrane

A

sorrounding cytoplasm, flexible,

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51
Q

what forms the cell membrane

A

phsopolidids and proteins

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52
Q

five functions of cell membrane

A

protects, receptor, cell mobility, regulates transport in and out , receives chemical messengers from other cells

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53
Q

what is ribosomes made of

A

rna and protiens

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54
Q

what are the two types of sugar molecules in cell wall that are the glycan

A

NAG and NAM

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55
Q

What acts as a cross bridge to connect NAG AND NAM

A

Amino acids (enhancing cell wall ridgety)

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56
Q

is penicillins fast or slow

A

slow

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57
Q

what does penicillin inhibit

A

synthesizing enyme that some bacteria make

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58
Q

penicillin effect on bacterial cell walls

A

aren’t enough amino acids connecting bridges and peptidoglycan layer becomes unstable

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59
Q

how does synthesizing enzyme work

A

allows new bacteria (binary fission) to enlarge by adding amino addicts to peptidoglycan layer, cell wall gets bigger

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60
Q

cocci diplocci

A

step. pneumonia

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61
Q

cocci chains

A

step pyogenes

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62
Q

cocci clusters

A

s. aures

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63
Q

bacilli chain

A

bacillus anthraces

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64
Q

vibrios

A

vibrio cholerae

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65
Q

what is the major component of the outer layer of gram negative bacteria

A

lipopolysaccharide

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66
Q

where is the LPS located

A

outer layer of the membrane and is exposed to cell surface

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67
Q

LPS also known as

A

lipoglycans and endotoxins

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68
Q

exotoxin

A

made internally then released

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69
Q

example of exotoxin

A

clostridium neurotoxin

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70
Q

what structure is released when bacteria die

A

endotoxin

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71
Q

lipid a exotoxin or endotoxin

A

endotoxin

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72
Q

what is in LPS layer

A

lipopolysaccharide, polysaccharide, lipid a

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73
Q

people die from E. coli when

A

lipid A is just floating around

74
Q

what does lipid a do

A
  1. initiate blood clotting(kidneys, capillaries) 2. blood clots turn into broken capillaries 3. kidney failure
75
Q

what does lipid a affect

A

fever inflammation diarrhea shock blood coagulation

76
Q

why is it a loose loose situation to give patient antibiotics when there cells shut down

A

bacteria will die and lipid a will be released

77
Q

two places E. coli infection

A

fecal (irrigation) raw beef

78
Q

does lipid a grow on agar

A

no

79
Q

why does lipid a septic shock happen

A

due to rapid drop of blood pressure due to overwhelming infection (leaky plasma

80
Q

septic

A

total organ infection, too leaky leads to infection

81
Q

3 ways bacteria die

A

macrophages, antibiotics, naturally

82
Q

how to treat septic shock

A

artificial spleen

83
Q

artificial spleen

A

device similar to dialysis that rids body of toxins and infection

84
Q

how does artificial spleen work

A

blood enters biospleen device through nano beads that have receptor cites that bind to pathogens. the magnet on device pulls beads out of blood, clean blood gets put back in patient

85
Q

if pathogen comes out negative

A

then lipid a is causing septic

86
Q

importance of receptor sites

A

convey signals that bind to molecules and initiate response

87
Q

capsules

A

helps with drying out, slows macrophage digestion or antibiotics, stick to things

88
Q

a bacteria with capsule

A

strep pyogenes

89
Q

biofilm

A

EPS

90
Q

the making of biofilm depends on what

A

critical mass of microbes in one area

91
Q

hardened biofilm

A

tarter

92
Q

textured biofilm

A

cholera

93
Q

necessary number to have enough bacteria in one place

A

quorum

cell to cell communication

94
Q

quorum release happens with “ “ too

A

toxin release

95
Q

colonization resistance

A

barrier to newcomers

96
Q

John snow

A

cholera epidemic, epidemiology, public health, theory of biogenesis, spatial analysis

97
Q

snows first observation and explanation

A

snow work with patients and no sick= cholera not respiratory MC

98
Q

snows second observation and explanation

A

cholera patients not near other cholera patients = cholera no contact MC

99
Q

snows third observation and explanation

A

cholera skip neighborhoods = respiratory

100
Q

contagion theory

A

disease are contagious rather than spontaneous generation theory

101
Q

what did snow do in 1850

A

add cholera to list of infectious disease

102
Q

epidemiology

A

branch of medicine that deals with incidence , distrubution and control

103
Q

how can disease be transmitted

A

oral fecal sexually contact airborne

104
Q

causative agent of cholera

A

vibrio cholerae

105
Q

what shape in cholera

A

comma shaped

106
Q

what bacteria is high salt tolerant low ph and acid tolerant

A

cholera

107
Q

where does cholera hang out

A

fecally polluted fresh water and salt water

108
Q

in fish water does cholera have comma shape or rod shaped

A

rod

109
Q

where is cholera comma shaped

A

our gut

110
Q

protein production is controlled by

A

quorum sensing

111
Q

what does comma shape do for the bacteria

A

more pathogenic

112
Q

why is cholera comma shape

A

CrVA protein inhibits growth on one side

113
Q

cholera toxin in controlled by

A

quorum sensing

114
Q

cholera toxin attaches to what and why

A

sodium and chloride channels and keep from closing.

115
Q

when cholera toxin attach to channels what does this cause

A

water flood in the intestine

116
Q

is small pox airborne

A

no

117
Q

small pox transmission

A

through conact, person to person or saliva droplets in infected persons mouth

118
Q

antigenic

A

degree in which you make antibodies low or high output of antibody production

119
Q

antigen

A

foreign substance or toxin that induces immune respond

120
Q

what does antigen activate

A

lymphocytes

121
Q

lymphocytes

A

infection fighting white blood cells

122
Q

where are mast cells found

A

connective tissue

123
Q

what do mast cells release during inflammation or allergic reactions

A

histamine

124
Q

macrophages that leak out of capillaries also release

A

plasma

125
Q

vasodilation

A

dilation of blood vessels which decrease blood pressure

126
Q

what are released from macrophages and signal for more macrophages to relieve or clean up infected site

A

cytokines

127
Q

can syphilis be congenital

A

yes cross placenta

128
Q

if syphilis isn’t treated where can it spread

A

bone marrow cartilage and brain

129
Q

syphilis

A

STD by direct contact during vaginal or anal sex

130
Q

causing agent of syphilis

A

treponema pallidum

131
Q

STDS

A

syphilis gonorrhoea, chlamydia

132
Q

can you make antibodies if you have STD

A

no

133
Q

pelivic inflammatory disease

A

uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovaries can cause infertility if not treated

134
Q

what is chronic lyme disease due to

A

persister cells

135
Q

persister cells

A

remain dormant until antibiotics are halted(conditions are met) not targeted by antibiotics

136
Q

what tick

A

black legged deer tick

137
Q

why is Lyme disease an example of arthropod-borne infection

A

because bacterium is transferred through bite of a tick

138
Q

reservoir host carries bacteria but not harmed

A

east- white footed mouse

west- black footed moue

139
Q

step 1 of transmutation of Lyme disease to humans

A

mouse- reservoir house

140
Q

step 2 of transmutation of Lyme disease to humans

A

ticks feed off mouse develop nymphs

141
Q

step 3 of transmutation of Lyme disease to humans

A

nymphs attach to mammals

142
Q

step 4 of transmutation of Lyme disease to humans

A

nymphs develop into adult ticks then drop off Ito grass

143
Q

step 5 of transmutation of Lyme disease to humans

A

ticks picked up my human + bacteria is transferred

144
Q

zoonosis

A

infection we get from animal/ found in animal (not insect)

145
Q

ex of zoonosis

A

Lyme disease rabies plague

146
Q

vector

A

carries how we get infected

147
Q

ex of vector

A

tick transferring bacteria from mouse to us

148
Q

enteric

A

related to or occurring in the intestines

149
Q

CSF glucose bacterial meningitis

A

glucose levels lower

150
Q

why is glucose levels lower in bacterial meningitis

A

bacteria uses glucose for itself

151
Q

CSF protein bacterial meningitis

A

increase

152
Q

why is protein levels higher in bacterial meningitis

A

because cell destruction bu bacteria

153
Q

CSF glucose viral meningitis

A

stays same

154
Q

CSF protein viral meningitis

A

increase

155
Q

does viral meningitis grow on broth or agar

A

no because no preproduction

156
Q

when do soil microbes form into endospores

A

when conditions are not met from high salt or sugar

157
Q

do endospores reproduce or metabolize when dormat

A

no

158
Q

endospores can be made only by some

A

gram postive bacteria

159
Q

bacillus anthracis

A

GPR soil toxin made by bacteria damage cells produce anthrax spores

160
Q

bacillus subtilis

A

GPR soil and gi tract of humans

161
Q

strep pyogenes

A

produce a protease known as SPYcep

162
Q

group A strep

A

strep throat

163
Q

strep mutans

A

GPR not very pathogenic, biofilm, oral cavity, tooth decay, break down enamel

164
Q

strep pneumoniae

A

GPR has capsule

165
Q

staph aures

A

GPR postive for catalase

166
Q

treponema pallidum

A

GNR, through blood stream

167
Q

E. coli 0157:H7

A

GNR shiga toxin, fecal contamination

168
Q

vibrio cholerae

A

GNR WATERY diaherra= dehydration

169
Q

borrelia mayonii

A

GNR can cause Lyme disease

170
Q

borrelia burgdorferi

A

GNR Lyme disease

171
Q

mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

wavy coat around cell way

172
Q

mycobacterium bovis

A

TB in cattle spread to humans through airway

173
Q

proteus mirabilis

A

GNR part of our intestinal microbiome, can cause uti

174
Q

pseudonmonas aeruginosa

A

burn patients iv plastic tubbing cf patients

175
Q

clostridium perfringes

A

GPR # cause of gangrene dead tissue rotting flesh bacteria emit foul smelling gas

176
Q

clostridium botulinnum

A

produces neurotoxins in bodies that inhibit the release of acetylcholine,

177
Q

clostridium difficile

A

GPR INTESTINAL

178
Q

CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI

A

GPR soil rod shaped neurotoxin releases too much each ORGANIMS MUST PLACE IT IN BLOOD STREAM

179
Q

NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS

A

GNR meningitis

180
Q

neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

PID gonnorrhoeae

FALL SEMESTER 2018 (9 decks)

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