Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Is cardiac muscle striated or not/ voluntary/non voluntary
striated not voluntary
what is the cardiac muscle connected by
intercalated discs
Epicardium
superficial layer
Myocardium
contration unit has cardiac muscle
Endocardium
form lining of the heart chambers
Two layers of pericardium
parietal, visceral layer
what are the two parts of pericardium separated by
pericardial cavity
functions of pericardium
protects, anchors the heart, prevents overfilling of the heart with blood, friction-free environment
4 chambers of heart
2 atria, 2 ventricles
where are the valves located
b/w ventricles and blood vessels
two types of valves
atrioventricular valves semilunar valves
where does the atrioventricular valve lie
between atrioventricular and ventricles
Right AV valve
tricuspid valve
left AV valve
bicuspid mitral valve
What anchors Av valves to papillary muscles of ventricle wall
Chordae tendinae
Aortic Valve is where
between left ventricle and aorta
pulmonary valve
right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
do semilunar valves have chordate teninae
no
heart murmurs
extra or unusual sound during heart beat
innocent heart murmurs
not caused by heart problem. kids, thin people, elderly
abormal murmur
in newborns; congenital heart defects, insufficient/incompetent: valve fails to close, stenotic: valve fails to open
coronary circulation
blood supply to the heart muscle itself
what ensures blood delivery even if major vessels are occulated
collateral routes
which artery has cost common coronary artery occlusion or heart attack
LCA
pacemaker cells
cardiac muscle cells that are self excitable
what makes the heart contract as a unit
gap junctions
how much of cardiac muscle is mitochondria
30-40%
what determines the heart rate
sinoatrial node (SA)
What does EKG stand for?
Cardiac Electrophysiology
what does an ekg measure
the positive and negative defections
what does the p stand for
atrial contractions
what does qrs stand for
ventricular contraction
what does t stand for
ventricular repolarization
what is normal heart rate
60-100 bpm
atrial fibrillation
p waves are not clearly visible, p doesn’t follow qrs, p waves could be + or -
ventricular l fibrillation
rate and rhythm cant de determined
two periods that determines blood pressure
systole, diastole
systole
period of contraction of ventricles between 1st and 2nd heart sounds
what causes the ejection of blood into the aorta and pulmonary trunk
systole
in an EKG what marks systole
QRS
diastole
period of relaxation of the heart muscle and filling chambers with blood
what period receives blood supply
diastole
what separates the two atria
interatria septum
what separates the two ventricles
inter ventricular septum
AV valves prevent blackflow when ventricles
contract
atrioventircular bundle Is connected directly to
AV node
what splits interventruclar septum towards the apex
L and R Bundle
preload
end of diastolic volume
after load
mean material pressure
complete ventricular ejection
SL valves open and ventricles fully contract at high pressure to arteries
isovolumetric relaxation
second heart sound S2 and ventricles relax
total amount of blood in the left ventricle is pushed out with each heartbeat
stoke volume
arteries
take blood away from heart
veins
return the blood
blood vessels that go from arteries to veins
arteries, arterioles, capillaires, venues, veins
what blood vessels are smooth muscle
arteries
what blood vessels are strong and elastic
arteries
what blood vessels have sphincters
arteries
what blood vessels conduct blood to capillaries
arteries
what blood vessels are the end of arteries
arterioles
blood flow into capillary beds is determined by
arteriolar diameter
what blood vessels are thin enough to allow diffusion
capillaries
what blood vessels holds up to 65% of total blood volume
veins
walls of blood vessels
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
innermost layer in contact with blood
tunica intima
thickest layer, consists of smooth muscle elastin, collagen
tunica media
what is the tunic media regulated by
sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system
what layer is has its thickness prevent diffusion the blood vessel
tunica externa
what is directly proportional to the difference in blood pressure between two points in the circulation
blood flow or f
what is the difference between arterial and venous pressure
blood flow or f
blood flow to inversely proportional to
peripheral resistance R in the systemic circulation
there types pf arteries
elastic, muscular, small arteries
conducting arteries
elastic
distributing arteries
muscular
resistance arteries
small arteries
what type of arteries have the natural ability to contract and relax
elastic
hardening of the arteries
arteriosclerosis
what type of arteries followed the end of elastic arteries
muscular
what type of arteries accounts up to 90% of the blood arteries
muscular
another name for arterioles
small arteries
what is following the end of the muscular arteries
arterioles
what determines minute to minute blood flow into the capillary beds is determines by arteriolar
arteriolar diameter
arteriolar diameter is controlled by
nervous system hormone local chemical concentration such as O2 or CO2
three types of capillaries
continuous, menstruated, sinusoid
what type of capillary is least permeable and most common
continuous
continuous is held together by
tight junctions
where is continuous found
skin muscles lung CNS
what type of capillary has large fenestrations or pores that increase permeability
fenstrated
where is menstruated found
active filtration areas kidney or small intestine
what type of capillary is most pemable and occur in limited locations
sinusoid
where is the sinusoid found
liver bone marrow spleen and adrenal medulla
why are veins regarded as capacitance vessels of the cardiovascular system
because they are relatively thin walled and flaccid and expand easily to accommodate and increase volume of blood
when at rest vein contain how much blood volume
64%
venues
start form the capillaries , extremely proud and thus allowed substances to move out easily
venues play an important role in
infection and inflammation
medium veins
followed from veins, thinner and lumens are larger than arteries
what holds up to 65% of total blood volume
medium veins
what structure prevent blood from f lowing backwards the veins
venous valves
what is the purpose of venous valves
to return blood to the heart
what is specialized flattened veins with extremely thin walls composed only endothelium
venous sinus
where are venous sinus found
coronary sinus
varicose veins
tortuous and dilated bc of incompetent or leaky valves
blood pressure control involves both
cardiovascular system and renal system
barorceptor reflex
carotid aortic
myogenic regulation
smooth muscle in arteries will respond to increase in pressure
medullary cardiac control center
brainstem
baroreflex 1
high blood pressure dented by arterial stretch receptors
baroreflex 2
afferent neuron carries signal to CNS
baroreflex 3
efferent signals on vagus nerve of ANS travel to the heart
baroreflex 4
heart then slows reducing blood pressure
what is example of homeostatic negative feedback loop
visceral reflexes
control of blood pressure hormones
those that work in kidney cells to control salt and water levels
norepinephrine
causes vasoconstriction
epinephrine
cause vasodilation
what is caused by fib-fatty plaques
atherosclerosis
atheroma obstruct
vascular lumen and weaken the underlying media
what is direct cause of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction
atherosclerosis
functions of circulatory system
transport, protection, regulation
what does CS system transport
O2 CO2 nutrients waste hormones and stem cells
what does CS protect
from inflammation spread of infections, destroy microorganisms, cancer cells neutralize toxins and initiat clotting
what does CS regulate
fluid balance, stabilizes ph of eco AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL
blood
liquid connective tissue
plasma
matrix of blood, clears, light yellow fluid 43-60% of blood
formed elements
red blood cells white blood cells
Buffy coat
white blood cells, platelets
hematocrit
red blood cells
development of all blood cells
hemopoiesis
erythrocytes
erythropoiesis
leucocytes
leucopoieses
thrombocytes
thrombopoiesis
where does blood tissue
hemopoietic tissue
yolk sac
3-8 week produces all stem cells
liver
6-30
spleen
9-28 remains producing leukocytes
bones marrow
28-adulthood
myeloid tissue
bone marrow
bones marrow is
soft and gelatinous tissue that fills cavities of bones
by age 18 what retains bone marrow
vertebrae ribs sternum skull pelvis proximal epiphyseal regions of the humerus and femur retain marrow
two parts of bone marrow
red bone marrow not lymphocytes and yellow bone marrow
plasma cells or no cells
no cells
plasma serum
fluid when blood clots and solid are removed
albumins
smallest most abundant contribute to viscosity and osmolarity, influence blood pressure blow
fibrinogen
precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots
globulins
antibodies made by plasma cells provide immune system functions alpha beta gamma globulins
hypoproteinemia
deficient of plasma proteins, extreme starvation, liver or kidney disease
kwashlorkor
children with sever protein deficiency
erythrocyte
red blood cells, no Mitch. and nucleus
rbs functions
gas transport, carbonic anhydrase in cytoplasm, plays a crucial role in the clotting process
hemoglobin is composed of
2 alpha or 2 beta polypeptide submits globes
4 heme groups
non protein moiety that binds o2 to ferrous oil fe at its center
hemoglobin A
accounts for 95%
hemoglobin F fetal
functionally stable until 6 months age
hemoglobin S
found primarily in sickle cell disease
lifespan of erythropoiesis
120 days
development of erythropoiesis
3-5 days
colony forming unit
has receptors for erythropoietin from kidneys
erthroblasts
multiple and synthesize hemoglobin
reticulocyte
looses nucleus
iron metabolism
key nutritional requirement
gastroferritin
binds to fe and transports it to small intestine
stomach converts
fe3+ to absorbable fe2+
vitamin b12 and folic acid
rapid cell division and na synthesis that occurs in erythropoiesis
vitamin C and copper
cofactors for enzymes synthesizing hemoglobin
hemolysis
abs rupture
hemolysis occurs
in spleen and liver(recycling)
polycthemia
excess of RBCS
polycythemia
cancer
anemia
blood oxygen carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism
most common anemia
iron deficiency
what is iron deficiency due to
decreased iron intake or increased loss of iron due to choleric blood loss
two types fo inadequate erythropoiesis
iron deficiency and pernicious anemia
pernicious anemia
immune system damage to the parietal cells of stomach,
what does pernicious anemia prevent
production of intrinsic factor which must be present for B12 absorption by intestinal cells
what causes anemia
low levels of B12
sickle cell anemia
autosomal recessive that causes amino acid substitution
in sickle cell anemia what does not bind well to oxygen
HbS
in sickle cell anemia RBC become
rigid sticky pointy
in sickle cell anemia they clump together and block
small blood vessels
what can sickle cell anemia lead to
kidney or heart failure, stroke, joint pain, or paralysis
what Is the genetic defect in beta thalassemia
structure of hemoglobin chain
in beta thalassemia one structural abnormality
no symptoms
in beta thalassemia two structural abnormality
symptoms
what is the most reactive and patient is considered blood type RH+ if having D antigen
RD D
hemolytic disease of newborns
can occur in RH- mother has formed antibodies and is urgent with second RH+ BABY
CAN RH + cross placenta
yes
Buffy coat
1% total volume, complete cells,
diapedesis
walk outside the blood vessel to fight invaders
three types of granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
neutrophils
first line of cellular defense against bacterial infection, 70% of blood cells
eosinophils
helps limit the inflammation response of mass cells who produce histamine
basophils
contain heparin a potent anticoagulant
antigens
complex molecules on surface of cell membrane that activate an immune response
antibodies
bind to antigens and mark them for destruction
aggluntins
antibodies in the plasma that bring about transfusion mismatch
what does agglutination
clumping of red blood cells
what is your ABO blood type determined by
presence or absence of antigens on rbs
blood type A
A antigens, Anti-B antibodies
blood type B
B antigens Anti-A antibodies
blood type AB
a b antigens no antibodies
BLOOD TYPE o
no antigen has antiA antiB antibodies
most common type of blood
type O
raste type of blood
AB
universal recipient
AB
T lymphocytes
immunity
B lymphocytes
produce antibodies
largest leukocytes
monocytes
monocytes differentiate into
macrophages
monocytes are active
phagocytes with eat foreign cells, virus, parasites
leukocytosis
increased number of WBS
leukopenia
abnormally low number WBC
leukemia
increase production of WBS, abc dont have time to fully develop due to over production, immature cells aren’t able to fight infections
what are related in response to thrombopoetin
platelets or thrombocytes
platelets or thrombocytes
small fragments of megakarocyte cells
meostasis
cessation bleeding and hemorrhage
vascular spasm
prompt contraction of Brocken vessel
coagulation
clotting last and most effective defense against bleeding
what leads to framework of clot
conversion of fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
extrinsic pathway
factors released by damaged tissue
intrinsic pathway
factors found in blood
thrombocytopenia
lower than 150,
thrombocytosis
higher than 450
asplenia
absence of normal spleen function
hyposplenism
decreased breakdown due to decreased fucntion of spleen
hemophilia
hereditary disease
