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FALL SEMESTER 2018 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Is cardiac muscle striated or not/ voluntary/non voluntary

A

striated not voluntary

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2
Q

what is the cardiac muscle connected by

A

intercalated discs

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3
Q

Epicardium

A

superficial layer

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4
Q

Myocardium

A

contration unit has cardiac muscle

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5
Q

Endocardium

A

form lining of the heart chambers

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6
Q

Two layers of pericardium

A

parietal, visceral layer

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7
Q

what are the two parts of pericardium separated by

A

pericardial cavity

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8
Q

functions of pericardium

A

protects, anchors the heart, prevents overfilling of the heart with blood, friction-free environment

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9
Q

4 chambers of heart

A

2 atria, 2 ventricles

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10
Q

where are the valves located

A

b/w ventricles and blood vessels

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11
Q

two types of valves

A

atrioventricular valves semilunar valves

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12
Q

where does the atrioventricular valve lie

A

between atrioventricular and ventricles

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13
Q

Right AV valve

A

tricuspid valve

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14
Q

left AV valve

A

bicuspid mitral valve

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15
Q

What anchors Av valves to papillary muscles of ventricle wall

A

Chordae tendinae

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16
Q

Aortic Valve is where

A

between left ventricle and aorta

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17
Q

pulmonary valve

A

right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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18
Q

do semilunar valves have chordate teninae

A

no

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19
Q

heart murmurs

A

extra or unusual sound during heart beat

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20
Q

innocent heart murmurs

A

not caused by heart problem. kids, thin people, elderly

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21
Q

abormal murmur

A

in newborns; congenital heart defects, insufficient/incompetent: valve fails to close, stenotic: valve fails to open

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22
Q

coronary circulation

A

blood supply to the heart muscle itself

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23
Q

what ensures blood delivery even if major vessels are occulated

A

collateral routes

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24
Q

which artery has cost common coronary artery occlusion or heart attack

A

LCA

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25
Q

pacemaker cells

A

cardiac muscle cells that are self excitable

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26
Q

what makes the heart contract as a unit

A

gap junctions

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27
Q

how much of cardiac muscle is mitochondria

A

30-40%

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28
Q

what determines the heart rate

A

sinoatrial node (SA)

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29
Q

What does EKG stand for?

A

Cardiac Electrophysiology

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30
Q

what does an ekg measure

A

the positive and negative defections

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31
Q

what does the p stand for

A

atrial contractions

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32
Q

what does qrs stand for

A

ventricular contraction

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33
Q

what does t stand for

A

ventricular repolarization

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34
Q

what is normal heart rate

A

60-100 bpm

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35
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

p waves are not clearly visible, p doesn’t follow qrs, p waves could be + or -

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36
Q

ventricular l fibrillation

A

rate and rhythm cant de determined

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37
Q

two periods that determines blood pressure

A

systole, diastole

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38
Q

systole

A

period of contraction of ventricles between 1st and 2nd heart sounds

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39
Q

what causes the ejection of blood into the aorta and pulmonary trunk

A

systole

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40
Q

in an EKG what marks systole

A

QRS

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41
Q

diastole

A

period of relaxation of the heart muscle and filling chambers with blood

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42
Q

what period receives blood supply

A

diastole

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43
Q

what separates the two atria

A

interatria septum

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44
Q

what separates the two ventricles

A

inter ventricular septum

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45
Q

AV valves prevent blackflow when ventricles

A

contract

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46
Q

atrioventircular bundle Is connected directly to

A

AV node

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47
Q

what splits interventruclar septum towards the apex

A

L and R Bundle

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48
Q

preload

A

end of diastolic volume

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49
Q

after load

A

mean material pressure

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50
Q

complete ventricular ejection

A

SL valves open and ventricles fully contract at high pressure to arteries

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51
Q

isovolumetric relaxation

A

second heart sound S2 and ventricles relax

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52
Q

total amount of blood in the left ventricle is pushed out with each heartbeat

A

stoke volume

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53
Q

arteries

A

take blood away from heart

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54
Q

veins

A

return the blood

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55
Q

blood vessels that go from arteries to veins

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaires, venues, veins

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56
Q

what blood vessels are smooth muscle

A

arteries

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57
Q

what blood vessels are strong and elastic

A

arteries

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58
Q

what blood vessels have sphincters

A

arteries

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59
Q

what blood vessels conduct blood to capillaries

A

arteries

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60
Q

what blood vessels are the end of arteries

A

arterioles

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61
Q

blood flow into capillary beds is determined by

A

arteriolar diameter

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62
Q

what blood vessels are thin enough to allow diffusion

A

capillaries

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63
Q

what blood vessels holds up to 65% of total blood volume

A

veins

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64
Q

walls of blood vessels

A

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

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65
Q

innermost layer in contact with blood

A

tunica intima

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66
Q

thickest layer, consists of smooth muscle elastin, collagen

A

tunica media

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67
Q

what is the tunic media regulated by

A

sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system

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68
Q

what layer is has its thickness prevent diffusion the blood vessel

A

tunica externa

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69
Q

what is directly proportional to the difference in blood pressure between two points in the circulation

A

blood flow or f

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70
Q

what is the difference between arterial and venous pressure

A

blood flow or f

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71
Q

blood flow to inversely proportional to

A

peripheral resistance R in the systemic circulation

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72
Q

there types pf arteries

A

elastic, muscular, small arteries

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73
Q

conducting arteries

A

elastic

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74
Q

distributing arteries

A

muscular

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75
Q

resistance arteries

A

small arteries

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76
Q

what type of arteries have the natural ability to contract and relax

A

elastic

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77
Q

hardening of the arteries

A

arteriosclerosis

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78
Q

what type of arteries followed the end of elastic arteries

A

muscular

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79
Q

what type of arteries accounts up to 90% of the blood arteries

A

muscular

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80
Q

another name for arterioles

A

small arteries

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81
Q

what is following the end of the muscular arteries

A

arterioles

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82
Q

what determines minute to minute blood flow into the capillary beds is determines by arteriolar

A

arteriolar diameter

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83
Q

arteriolar diameter is controlled by

A

nervous system hormone local chemical concentration such as O2 or CO2

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84
Q

three types of capillaries

A

continuous, menstruated, sinusoid

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85
Q

what type of capillary is least permeable and most common

A

continuous

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86
Q

continuous is held together by

A

tight junctions

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87
Q

where is continuous found

A

skin muscles lung CNS

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88
Q

what type of capillary has large fenestrations or pores that increase permeability

A

fenstrated

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89
Q

where is menstruated found

A

active filtration areas kidney or small intestine

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90
Q

what type of capillary is most pemable and occur in limited locations

A

sinusoid

91
Q

where is the sinusoid found

A

liver bone marrow spleen and adrenal medulla

92
Q

why are veins regarded as capacitance vessels of the cardiovascular system

A

because they are relatively thin walled and flaccid and expand easily to accommodate and increase volume of blood

93
Q

when at rest vein contain how much blood volume

A

64%

94
Q

venues

A

start form the capillaries , extremely proud and thus allowed substances to move out easily

95
Q

venues play an important role in

A

infection and inflammation

96
Q

medium veins

A

followed from veins, thinner and lumens are larger than arteries

97
Q

what holds up to 65% of total blood volume

A

medium veins

98
Q

what structure prevent blood from f lowing backwards the veins

A

venous valves

99
Q

what is the purpose of venous valves

A

to return blood to the heart

100
Q

what is specialized flattened veins with extremely thin walls composed only endothelium

A

venous sinus

101
Q

where are venous sinus found

A

coronary sinus

102
Q

varicose veins

A

tortuous and dilated bc of incompetent or leaky valves

103
Q

blood pressure control involves both

A

cardiovascular system and renal system

104
Q

barorceptor reflex

A

carotid aortic

105
Q

myogenic regulation

A

smooth muscle in arteries will respond to increase in pressure

106
Q

medullary cardiac control center

A

brainstem

107
Q

baroreflex 1

A

high blood pressure dented by arterial stretch receptors

108
Q

baroreflex 2

A

afferent neuron carries signal to CNS

109
Q

baroreflex 3

A

efferent signals on vagus nerve of ANS travel to the heart

110
Q

baroreflex 4

A

heart then slows reducing blood pressure

111
Q

what is example of homeostatic negative feedback loop

A

visceral reflexes

112
Q

control of blood pressure hormones

A

those that work in kidney cells to control salt and water levels

113
Q

norepinephrine

A

causes vasoconstriction

114
Q

epinephrine

A

cause vasodilation

115
Q

what is caused by fib-fatty plaques

A

atherosclerosis

116
Q

atheroma obstruct

A

vascular lumen and weaken the underlying media

117
Q

what is direct cause of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction

A

atherosclerosis

118
Q

functions of circulatory system

A

transport, protection, regulation

119
Q

what does CS system transport

A

O2 CO2 nutrients waste hormones and stem cells

120
Q

what does CS protect

A

from inflammation spread of infections, destroy microorganisms, cancer cells neutralize toxins and initiat clotting

121
Q

what does CS regulate

A

fluid balance, stabilizes ph of eco AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL

122
Q

blood

A

liquid connective tissue

123
Q

plasma

A

matrix of blood, clears, light yellow fluid 43-60% of blood

124
Q

formed elements

A

red blood cells white blood cells

125
Q

Buffy coat

A

white blood cells, platelets

126
Q

hematocrit

A

red blood cells

127
Q

development of all blood cells

A

hemopoiesis

128
Q

erythrocytes

A

erythropoiesis

129
Q

leucocytes

A

leucopoieses

130
Q

thrombocytes

A

thrombopoiesis

131
Q

where does blood tissue

A

hemopoietic tissue

132
Q

yolk sac

A

3-8 week produces all stem cells

133
Q

liver

A

6-30

134
Q

spleen

A

9-28 remains producing leukocytes

135
Q

bones marrow

A

28-adulthood

136
Q

myeloid tissue

A

bone marrow

137
Q

bones marrow is

A

soft and gelatinous tissue that fills cavities of bones

138
Q

by age 18 what retains bone marrow

A

vertebrae ribs sternum skull pelvis proximal epiphyseal regions of the humerus and femur retain marrow

139
Q

two parts of bone marrow

A

red bone marrow not lymphocytes and yellow bone marrow

140
Q

plasma cells or no cells

A

no cells

141
Q

plasma serum

A

fluid when blood clots and solid are removed

142
Q

albumins

A

smallest most abundant contribute to viscosity and osmolarity, influence blood pressure blow

143
Q

fibrinogen

A

precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots

144
Q

globulins

A

antibodies made by plasma cells provide immune system functions alpha beta gamma globulins

145
Q

hypoproteinemia

A

deficient of plasma proteins, extreme starvation, liver or kidney disease

146
Q

kwashlorkor

A

children with sever protein deficiency

147
Q

erythrocyte

A

red blood cells, no Mitch. and nucleus

148
Q

rbs functions

A

gas transport, carbonic anhydrase in cytoplasm, plays a crucial role in the clotting process

149
Q

hemoglobin is composed of

A

2 alpha or 2 beta polypeptide submits globes

150
Q

4 heme groups

A

non protein moiety that binds o2 to ferrous oil fe at its center

151
Q

hemoglobin A

A

accounts for 95%

152
Q

hemoglobin F fetal

A

functionally stable until 6 months age

153
Q

hemoglobin S

A

found primarily in sickle cell disease

154
Q

lifespan of erythropoiesis

A

120 days

155
Q

development of erythropoiesis

A

3-5 days

156
Q

colony forming unit

A

has receptors for erythropoietin from kidneys

157
Q

erthroblasts

A

multiple and synthesize hemoglobin

158
Q

reticulocyte

A

looses nucleus

159
Q

iron metabolism

A

key nutritional requirement

160
Q

gastroferritin

A

binds to fe and transports it to small intestine

161
Q

stomach converts

A

fe3+ to absorbable fe2+

162
Q

vitamin b12 and folic acid

A

rapid cell division and na synthesis that occurs in erythropoiesis

163
Q

vitamin C and copper

A

cofactors for enzymes synthesizing hemoglobin

164
Q

hemolysis

A

abs rupture

165
Q

hemolysis occurs

A

in spleen and liver(recycling)

166
Q

polycthemia

A

excess of RBCS

167
Q

polycythemia

A

cancer

168
Q

anemia

A

blood oxygen carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism

169
Q

most common anemia

A

iron deficiency

170
Q

what is iron deficiency due to

A

decreased iron intake or increased loss of iron due to choleric blood loss

171
Q

two types fo inadequate erythropoiesis

A

iron deficiency and pernicious anemia

172
Q

pernicious anemia

A

immune system damage to the parietal cells of stomach,

173
Q

what does pernicious anemia prevent

A

production of intrinsic factor which must be present for B12 absorption by intestinal cells

174
Q

what causes anemia

A

low levels of B12

175
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

autosomal recessive that causes amino acid substitution

176
Q

in sickle cell anemia what does not bind well to oxygen

A

HbS

177
Q

in sickle cell anemia RBC become

A

rigid sticky pointy

178
Q

in sickle cell anemia they clump together and block

A

small blood vessels

179
Q

what can sickle cell anemia lead to

A

kidney or heart failure, stroke, joint pain, or paralysis

180
Q

what Is the genetic defect in beta thalassemia

A

structure of hemoglobin chain

181
Q

in beta thalassemia one structural abnormality

A

no symptoms

182
Q

in beta thalassemia two structural abnormality

A

symptoms

183
Q

what is the most reactive and patient is considered blood type RH+ if having D antigen

A

RD D

184
Q

hemolytic disease of newborns

A

can occur in RH- mother has formed antibodies and is urgent with second RH+ BABY

185
Q

CAN RH + cross placenta

A

yes

186
Q

Buffy coat

A

1% total volume, complete cells,

187
Q

diapedesis

A

walk outside the blood vessel to fight invaders

188
Q

three types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

189
Q

neutrophils

A

first line of cellular defense against bacterial infection, 70% of blood cells

190
Q

eosinophils

A

helps limit the inflammation response of mass cells who produce histamine

191
Q

basophils

A

contain heparin a potent anticoagulant

192
Q

antigens

A

complex molecules on surface of cell membrane that activate an immune response

193
Q

antibodies

A

bind to antigens and mark them for destruction

194
Q

aggluntins

A

antibodies in the plasma that bring about transfusion mismatch

195
Q

what does agglutination

A

clumping of red blood cells

196
Q

what is your ABO blood type determined by

A

presence or absence of antigens on rbs

197
Q

blood type A

A

A antigens, Anti-B antibodies

198
Q

blood type B

A

B antigens Anti-A antibodies

199
Q

blood type AB

A

a b antigens no antibodies

200
Q

BLOOD TYPE o

A

no antigen has antiA antiB antibodies

201
Q

most common type of blood

A

type O

202
Q

raste type of blood

A

AB

203
Q

universal recipient

A

AB

204
Q

T lymphocytes

A

immunity

205
Q

B lymphocytes

A

produce antibodies

206
Q

largest leukocytes

A

monocytes

207
Q

monocytes differentiate into

A

macrophages

208
Q

monocytes are active

A

phagocytes with eat foreign cells, virus, parasites

209
Q

leukocytosis

A

increased number of WBS

210
Q

leukopenia

A

abnormally low number WBC

211
Q

leukemia

A

increase production of WBS, abc dont have time to fully develop due to over production, immature cells aren’t able to fight infections

212
Q

what are related in response to thrombopoetin

A

platelets or thrombocytes

213
Q

platelets or thrombocytes

A

small fragments of megakarocyte cells

214
Q

meostasis

A

cessation bleeding and hemorrhage

215
Q

vascular spasm

A

prompt contraction of Brocken vessel

216
Q

coagulation

A

clotting last and most effective defense against bleeding

217
Q

what leads to framework of clot

A

conversion of fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

218
Q

extrinsic pathway

A

factors released by damaged tissue

219
Q

intrinsic pathway

A

factors found in blood

220
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

lower than 150,

221
Q

thrombocytosis

A

higher than 450

222
Q

asplenia

A

absence of normal spleen function

223
Q

hyposplenism

A

decreased breakdown due to decreased fucntion of spleen

224
Q

hemophilia

A

hereditary disease

FALL SEMESTER 2018 (9 decks)

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