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FALL SEMESTER 2018 > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

gap junctions

A

interactions of cells

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2
Q

neurotransmitters

A

communications for nerves

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3
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that travel through the blood stream

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4
Q

Both nervous and endocrine system communicate through chemical messengers to

A

bind ti target cells to produce a response

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5
Q

can a hormone and neurotransmitter produce the same response

A

yes

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6
Q

whats the differences between nervous and endocrine system

A

nervous is faster, stops as soon as stimuli stops , not redundant, very specific target
endocrine is not as fast, will keeps going if stimuli stops, wide range target.

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7
Q

exocrine glands

A

secret products through ducts to body surfaces (skin)

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8
Q

examples of exocrine glands

A

mucous, sweat oil, saliva, bile, and pancreatic enzymes

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9
Q

2 types of chemical messengers

A

autocrines paracrines

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10
Q

autocrines

A

exert their effects in the same cell that secretes them

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11
Q

paracrines

A

( same tissue) but different types of cells than the releasing the signal

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12
Q

three types of hormones

A

peptide, steroid, eicosonoids

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13
Q

what type of hormone is water soluble

A

peptide

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14
Q

what type of hormone is fat soluble

A

steroid

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15
Q

how do peptide hormone get into the cell

A

by a second messenger, bind to g protein

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16
Q

what is the steriod hormone synthesized from and where

A

from cholesterol in gonads from adrenal glands

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17
Q

are eicosonoids autocrines or paracrine

A

both

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18
Q

why are eicosoniods released by many cells

A

in response inflammation and immunity

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19
Q

most common types of eicosoniods

A

leukotrienes, prostaglandins

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20
Q

three types of hormone release

A

humoral, neutral stimuli, hormonal stimuli

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21
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A

sella turcica in sphenoid bone

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22
Q

two parts of pituitary gland

A

anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary

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23
Q

hormones secreted by posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone

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24
Q

abrev for antidiuretic hormone

A

ADH

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25
Q

oxytocin is secreted by

A

paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

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26
Q

what stimulates oxytocin

A

cervical/ uterine stretching and suckling on infant at breasts

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27
Q

what inhibits oxytocin

A

lack of appropriate neural stimuli

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28
Q

what is the target organ on oxytocin

A

uterus breast

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29
Q

what is not a true gland

A

posterior pituitary

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30
Q

what hormone stimulates uterine contractions, initiates labor initiates milk injection

A

oxytocin

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31
Q

antidiuretic hormone ADH is secreted by

A

neurons of supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

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32
Q

what stimulates ADH

A

if an increase of blood solute concentration or decrease of blood volume is needed. pain, some drugs, low blood pressure

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33
Q

what inhibits ADH

A

adequate hydration of the body, alcohol

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34
Q

what is the target organ of ADH

A

kidneys

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35
Q

what hormone stimulates kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water

A

ADH

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36
Q

hypo secretions of ADH

A

diabetes insipidus

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37
Q

hyper secretions of ADH

A

syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

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38
Q

what hormones are secreted by anterior pituitary

A

growth hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone follicle-stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone, prolactin

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39
Q

what stimulates GH

A

release of growth hormone releasing hormone, low blood levels of GH

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40
Q

what inhibits GH

A

feedback inhibition exerted by GH AND IGF, hyperglycemia

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41
Q

IGF

A

insulin like growth factor

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42
Q

what is the target of GH

A

liver, muscle, bone, cartilage and other tissues

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43
Q

what hormone stimulates somatic growth, mobilizes fats, spares glucose

A

GH

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44
Q

hypo secretion of GH

A

Pituitary dwarfism children

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45
Q

hyper secretion of GH

A

gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults

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46
Q

what stimulates Thyroid-Stimulatting hormone (TSH)

A

thyroid releasing hormone, in infants-cold temperature

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47
Q

what inhibits TSH

A

by feedback inhibition exerted by thyroid hormones

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48
Q

what is the target of TSH

A

thyroid gland

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49
Q

what hormone stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones

A

TSH

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50
Q

what stimulates Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

by CRH, stimuli that releases CRH is stressors

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51
Q

what inhibits ACTH

A

by feedback inhibition exerted by glucocorticoids

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52
Q

what is the target organ of ACTH

A

adrenal cortex

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53
Q

what hormone promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens (mineralocorticoids)

A

ACTH

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54
Q

hypo secretion of ACTH

A

rare

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55
Q

hyper secretions

A

cushings disease

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56
Q

what stimulates Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

GnRH

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57
Q

what inhibits FSH

A

feedback inhibition exerted by inhibin, estrogens-f testosterone-m

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58
Q

what are the target organs of FSH

A

ovaries and testes

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59
Q

what hormone stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and production of estrogens and stimulates sperm production

A

FSH

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60
Q

hypo secretion of FSH

A

failure of sexual maturation

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61
Q

hyper secretion of FSH

A

no important effects

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62
Q

what stimulates Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

by GnRH

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63
Q

what inhibits LH

A

by inhibition exerted by estrogens and progesterone in women and testosterone in males

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64
Q

what are the target organs of LH

A

ovaries and testes

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65
Q

what hormone triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian production of estrogens and progesterone and promotes testosterone production

A

LH

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66
Q

hyposecretion of LH

A

failure of sexual maturation

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67
Q

hyper secretion of LH

A

no important effects

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68
Q

what stimulates prolactin (PRL)

A

decrease of Prolactin inhibiting hormone, release of enhanced by estrogen, birth control pills, breast feeding, dopamine-blocking drugs

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69
Q

what inhibits PRL

A

prolactin inhibiting hormone

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70
Q

what is the target organ of PRL

A

breast secretory tissue

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71
Q

what hormone promotes location

A

PRL

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72
Q

hypo secretion of PRL

A

poor milk production in nursing women

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73
Q

hypersecretion of PRL

A

galactorrhea, cessation of menses in females , impotence in males

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74
Q

galactorrhea

A

inappropriate milk production

75
Q

what stimulates Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

A

reninangiotensinaldosterone mechanism

76
Q

what activates reninangiotensinaldosterone mechanism

A

decreasing blood volumes blood pressure elevates mood K+ level and ACTH

77
Q

what inhibits Mineralocorticoids

A

increased blood volume and pressure and decreased blood K+ levels

78
Q

What is the target organ of Mineralocorticoids

A

kidneys

79
Q

what hormone increases blood levels of na and decrease blood levels of k and blood volume and blood volume rises

A

mineralocorticoids

80
Q

hypo secretion mineralocorticoids

A

aldosteronism

81
Q

hyper secretion

A

Addison’s disease

82
Q

what stimulates glucocorticoids (cortisol)

A

ACTH

83
Q

what inhibits cortisol

A

feedback inhibition exerted by cortisol

84
Q

hypo secretion of cortisol

A

cushings syndrome

85
Q

hyper secretion of cortisol

A

Addisons disease

86
Q

what stimulates gonadocorticoids (androgens)

A

ACTH

87
Q

what is converted to testosterone or estrogen after release

A

androgens

88
Q

what hormone contributes to female libido development of pubic and axillary hair in females and source of estrogens after menopause

A

gonadocorticoids

89
Q

hypo secretion of gonadocorticoids

A

adrenogenital syndrome

90
Q

adrenogenital syndrome

A

masculinization of females

91
Q

what hormones are secreted in adrenal cortex

A

mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids gonadocorticoids

92
Q

what hormones are secreted in the adrenal medulla

A

catecholamines

93
Q

what are examples of catecholamines

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

94
Q

what stimulates catecholamines

A

preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system

95
Q

what hormone increases heart rate and metabolic rate and increase blood pressure

A

catecholamines

96
Q

what are the target organs of catecholamines

A

sympathetic nervous system target organs

97
Q

hyper secretions of catecholamines

A

prolonged fight tor flight responses or hypertension

98
Q

what horses does the thyroid hormone

A

thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin

99
Q

thyroxine T4

A

follicle cells of thyroid

100
Q

triiodothyronine T3

A

follicle cells

101
Q

calcitonin

A

parafollicular cells

102
Q

what stimulates thyroxine

A

TSH TRH

103
Q

what inhibits thyroxine

A

negative feedback to pituitary and hypothalamus

104
Q

what hormone promotes oxygen utilization and increases the metabolic rate

A

thyroxine

105
Q

hypo secretion of thyroxine

A

hypothyroidism Hashimoto’s and cretinism in children

106
Q

hyper secretion of thyroxine

A

hyperthyroidism graves disease

107
Q

what stimulates calcitonin

A

increased calcitonin levels in blood

108
Q

where is calcitonin target

A

bone

109
Q

what hormone decreases calcium levels by promoting calcium deposition kidneys and promotes calcium exception

A

calcitonin

110
Q

what stimulates parathyroid hormone PTH

A

a decrease calcium levels in blood

111
Q

where is PTH target

A

bone; kidney

112
Q

what hormone increases osteoclast activity and increases calcium reabsorption into blood

A

PTH

113
Q

hypo secretion of PTH

A

hypoparathyroidism

114
Q

hyper secretion PTH

A

hyperparathyroidism

115
Q

PTH does what

A

maintains the body calcium and phosphate

116
Q

goiter

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland

117
Q

what causes goiters

A

iodine defiency

118
Q

what synthesize and release PTH

A

parathyroid cells or chief cells

119
Q

PTH activates

A

osteoclasts

120
Q

too much PTH causes

A

osteitis fibrosa cáustica

121
Q

pineal gland composed of

A

pineocytes

122
Q

pineal gland function

A

produce melatonin

123
Q

what affects circadian rhythm

A

melatonin

124
Q

what surpasses melatonin secretion

A

exposure to bright light

125
Q

where is the location of the T cells of T lymphocytes

A

thymus gland

126
Q

superior portion of adrenal

A

adrenal cortex

127
Q

what is the name given to all adrenal hormones

A

corticosteroids

128
Q

what are the layers of the adrenal cortex

A

glumerulosa, fascisulata, reticularis

129
Q

glumerulosa/mineralcorticoids

A

na, k and water balance

130
Q

fascisulata/ glucocorticoids

A

cortisol glucose metabolism

131
Q

reticularis /gonadocortticoids

A

sex hormones

132
Q

what is a hyper secretion of cortisol

A

cushings syndrome

133
Q

adrenal medulla

A

postganglionic sympathetic neurons

134
Q

what is the major function of postganglionic sympathetic neurons

A

produce catecholamines

135
Q

catecholamines in children

A

neuroblasma

136
Q

catecholamines in adults

A

pheochromocytoma

137
Q

symptoms of pheochromocytoma

A

increased blood pressure and palpitations

138
Q

where is the pancreas

A

elongated gland below and behind stomach

139
Q

pancreas is divided into four parts

A

head neck body and tall

140
Q

what is the pancreas responsible for

A

to regulate glycemic (blood sugar)

141
Q

does pancreas have endocrine or exocrine functions

A

both

142
Q

acinar cells

A

produce digestive enzymes (exocrine )

143
Q

types of islets of langerhans cells

A

Alpha, bets, dela cells

144
Q

alpha cells secrets

A

glucagon

145
Q

beta cells secrete

A

insulin

146
Q

delta cells secrete

A

somatostatin

147
Q

when is glucagon released

A

between meals when blood glucose concentration is falling

148
Q

what does glucagon do in the liver

A

stimulates gluconeogensis glucogenolysis and release of glucose in circulation raising blood glucose level

149
Q

what does glucagon do in adipose tissue

A

stimulates fat catabolism and release of free fatty acids

150
Q

when is insulin secreted

A

during and after meal when glucose and amino acid blood levels are rising

151
Q

what three things does insulin do

A

lowering blood glucose levels, promotes synthesis glycogen, fat, protein and suppresses use of already stored fuels

152
Q

what three things can absorb glucose without insulin

A

brain liver and kidneys

153
Q

type 1

A

insulin dependent

154
Q

type 2

A

non insulin dependent

155
Q

what type of cells do type 1 destroy

A

beta cells

156
Q

before what age do you get type 1

A

30

157
Q

is type 1 obesity related

A

no

158
Q

is type 1 ketoacidosis

A

yes

159
Q

what are symptoms of type 1 and 2

A

polyuria, polydipsia, thirst, weight loss

160
Q

what is important about type 2

A

resistance to insulin

161
Q

does type 2 require insulin

A

maybe

162
Q

is diabetic ketoacidosis dangerous

A

yes a medical emergency

163
Q

what is diabetic ketoacidosis due to

A

elevated insulin requirements from physical or mental stress

164
Q

somatostatin suppressers

A

secretion of glucagon and insulin

165
Q

somatostatin inhibits

A

nutrient digestion and absorption which prolongs absorption of nutrients

166
Q

liver converts

A

cholecalciferol into calcidiol

167
Q

liver secrets

A

angiotensingen (a pro-hormone)

168
Q

hepcidin

A

promotes intestinal absorption of iron

169
Q

kidneys

A

convert calcidiol to calcitroil, active form of vitamin D

170
Q

kidneys secrets

A

renin

171
Q

kidneys produces

A

erythropoietin

172
Q

heart

A

atrial muscle secrets two natriuretic peptides in response to an increase in blood pressure

173
Q

stomach and small intestine

A

secrete enteric hormones to coordinate digestive motility and glandular secretion

174
Q

example of enteric hormones

A

cholecystokinin and gastrin

175
Q

adipose tissure secrets

A

leptin

176
Q

what is secreted by osteoblast

A

osteocalcin

177
Q

placenta increases

A

estrogen, progesterone

178
Q

in female ovary, granulosa

A

cell produce most of estradiol during reproductive years

179
Q

what is converted from cholesterol precursor molecules under the direction of FSH LH

A

estradiol

180
Q

what are the gonads

A

ovaries and testes

181
Q

testes produce

A

testosterone and small amount of estrogen

182
Q

what is testes function

A

to develop male characteristics in uterus and secondary sex characteristics in puberty

183
Q

tests maintains

A

good sperm production

184
Q

what controls the testes

A

FSH LH

FALL SEMESTER 2018 (9 decks)

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