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From Flashcardlet > Micro Ch. 6 > Flashcards

Micro Ch. 6 Flashcards

0
Q

What virus did Pasteur develop the vaccine for?

A

rabies

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1
Q

What is the size range of animal viruses?

A

20nm-450nm

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2
Q

Protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid in the central core.
-All viruses contain this

A

Capsid

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3
Q

The capsid and the nucleic acid make this

A

nucleocapsid

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4
Q
  • additional covering external to the capsid

- usually a modified piece of the host’s cell membrane

A

envelope

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5
Q

Viruses that consist of only a nucleocapsid

A

Naked Viruses

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6
Q

A fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a hosts cell

A

virion

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7
Q

most prominent geometric feature of a virus

A

capsid

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8
Q

Identical subunits constructed from protein molecules that make up the capsid

A

capsomers

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9
Q
  • Found on both naked and enveloped viruses
  • Project from either the nucleocapsid or envelope
  • Allow viruses to dock with their host cells
A

Spikes

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10
Q

Depending on how capsomers are shaped and arranged, they fit into 2 different groups called

A

helical capsid

icosahedral capsid

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11
Q
  • Rod shaped capsomers that bond together to form a series of hollow discs resembling a bracelet.
  • The nucleic acid is inserted into the center of the disc
A

Helical Capsule

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12
Q

The tobacco mosaic and rabies viruses are examples of what type of capsid

A

Helical

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13
Q
  • 3 dimensional, 20 sided capsid with 12 evenly spaced corners
  • The number of polymers that make up these shapes vary from virus to virus
A

Icosahedron

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14
Q
  • A third type of capsid found in viruses that infect bacteriophages
  • Have multiple types of proteins
  • Take shapes that are not summetrical
A

Complex capsids

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15
Q

A virus that infects bacteria

A

Bacteriophage

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16
Q

Spikes are made of ?

A

Glycoproteins

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17
Q

In the envelope, some or all of the regular membrane proteins are replaced with ?

A

Special viral proteins

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18
Q

The sum total of the genetic information carried by an organism
The full complement of DNA or RNA carried by a cell

A

genome

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19
Q

What is the general rule regarding viruses containing DNA and RNA

A

They can contain either but NEVER BOTH

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20
Q

The number of genes carried by a virus is small or large when compared to cells

A

small

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21
Q

Examples of DNA double stranded viruses

A

Variola (smallpox)

Herpes simplex 2

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22
Q

Examples of Single stranded DNA viruses

A

Parvovirus

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23
Q

Single stranded RNA genomes that are ready for immediate translation into proteins

A

positive-sense RNA

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24
Q

Single stranded RNA genomes that must be converted into proper form to be made into proteins.

A

Negative sense RNA

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25
Q

Enzymes within the host cell that synthesize DNA and RNA

A

Polymerases

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26
Q

Enzymes within the host cell that copy RNA

A

Replicases

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27
Q

Enzymes within the host cell that synthesize DNA from RNA

A

Reverse transcriptase

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28
Q

Single stranded, negative polarity RNA virus

A

Influenza virus

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29
Q

Double stranded RNA virus

A

Rotavirus

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30
Q

Single stranded RNA reverse transcriptase virus

A

HIV

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31
Q

Informal Virus Classification system

A
  • Animal, plant, or bacterial
  • DNA or RNA
  • Helical or icosahedral
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32
Q

Criteria of a formal classification system

A
  • structure
  • chemical composition
  • similarities in genetic makeup
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33
Q

suffix for virus families

A

viridae

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34
Q

suffix for virus genus

A

virus

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35
Q

a group of viruses that some scientists believe may constitute a new order of viruses due to:

  • a distant relation to other viruses
  • closely related to each other
A

Nucleocytoplastic

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36
Q

Give 3 examples of dsDNA viruses

A

Adenovirus
Herpes virus
Variola (smallpox)

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37
Q

name a ssDNA virus

A

parvovirus

38
Q

Give 3 examples of ssRNA (+) viruses

A

Poliovirus
Rhinovirus
West Nile Fever

39
Q

Give 3 examples of ssRNA (-)

A

Ebola
Influenza
Rabies

40
Q

dsRNA virus examples

A

Rotavirus

Measles

41
Q

ssRNA (+) virus that becomes DNA in the host cell

A

HIV

42
Q

ssRNA (+) that becomes DNA inside the virus

A

Hepatitis B

43
Q

When individual genes exist on separate pieces of RNA or DNA

A

Segmented

44
Q

suffix for virus Order

A

-ales

45
Q

General phases in the life cycle of animal viruses

A 
adsorption
penetration
uncoating 
sythesis
assembly
Release from host cell
46
Q

membrane receptors that viruses attach to are usually

A

Glycoproteins

47
Q

Enter the host cell’s nucleus and are replicated and assembled there
RNA or DNA?

A

DNA viruses (except poxviruses)

48
Q

Viruses that are replicated and assembled in the cytoplasm

A

RNA viruses (except retroviruses)

49
Q

The limitation of a virus only able to invade it’s host if it can make an exact fit with a specific molecule

A

Host Range

50
Q

Viruses haveTissue specificities called?

Reason you don’t get the flu in your foot

A

tropisms

51
Q

Type of host range where a specific tissue is targeted by the virus

A

Restricted host range

52
Q

Type of host range that affects 2 or 3 types of tissues

A

Intermediate host range

53
Q

Type of host range that affects various cells of all mammals

A

broad host range

54
Q

Process in which the virus lands on the cell and plugs into receptors

A

docking

55
Q

2 principal means by which animal viruses penetrate

A
  1. Endocytosis

2. Fusion

56
Q

Penetration method of fusing to the host’s cell membrane with the viral envelope

A

Fusion

57
Q

Type of penetration that involves engulfing the entire virus into the cell and enclosing it into a vacuole and later releasing it’s genome information into the cell

A

endocytosis

58
Q

Enzymes in the vacuole produced during endocytosis dissolve the viral envelope and capsid, releasing the virus into the cytoplasm

A

Uncoating

59
Q

RNA viruses that turn their RNA into DNA

A

retroviruses

60
Q

An important event leading to the release of enveloped viruses just before they leave the cell

A

Inserting spikes into the cell membrane so they can be picked up as the virus buds off with it’s envelope

61
Q

2 ways that enveloped viruses leave the host cell

A

Budding

Exocytosis

62
Q

What method does a non-enveloped or complex virus leave the cell?

A

Lyse or rupture

63
Q

Virus induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance

A

cytopathic

64
Q

compacted masses of viruses or damaged cell organelles located in the nucleus or cytoplasm as a result of a viral infection

A

Inclusion bodies

65
Q

a cell/virus relationship that does not kill the cell but keeps it as a carrier for as little as a few weeks or for the remainder of one’s life

A

persistent infection

66
Q

When viral DNA is incorporated into the DNA of the host

A

Provirus

67
Q
  • Fusion of multiple host cells into single large cells containing nuclei
  • A cytopathic effect of some viruses
A

Synctia

68
Q

Viruses that are usually dormant but periodically reactivate

Examples…shingles, herpes simplex

A

chronic latent state

69
Q

A type of virus that permanently alters the host cell’s genetic material and causes cancer

A

Ocogenic

70
Q

The effect an oncogenic virus has on a host cell

-produces proteins that induce a loss of growth regulation

A

Transformation

71
Q

Mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors

A

oncoviruses

72
Q

Most widely studied bacteriophage

Infects E.coli

A

T-Even (T-2,T-4)

73
Q

Life cycle of bacteriophage that ends in destruction of the bacterial cell

A

Lytic phase/cycle

74
Q

Bacteriophage becomes incorporated into the host cell DNA

A

Lysogenic cycle

75
Q

Have the ability to undergo adsorption and penetration but do not immediately undergo replication or release

A

Temperate phages

76
Q

an inactive state in which phage DNA is inserted into the hose chromosome

A

prophage

77
Q

activation of a prophage in a lysogenic cell to undergo the lytic cycle

A

Induction

78
Q

The Occasionally phage genes in the bacterial chromosome cause the production of toxins or enzymes that cause pathology in humans called?

A

Lysogenic conversion

79
Q
  • The acquisition of a new trait from a temperate phage

- Responsible for the diphtheria toxin, cholera toxin, and botulism toxin

A

Lysogenic Conversion

80
Q

Usual animals used for animal cultivation

A

white mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, and rabbits

81
Q

Injection sites for viral exposure

A 
Brain
Muscle 
body cavity
skin
footpads
82
Q

signs of viral multiplication in an egg embryo

A

pocks
death
defects in development

83
Q
  • Freshly isolated animal tissue is placed in a growth medium
  • Cells undergo mitotic division
  • Retain the characteristics of original tissues
A

Primary cell cultures

84
Q

Tup of cell culture having altered chromosome numbers

  • grow rapidly
  • can be continuously subcultured
  • show changes in morphology
A

Continuous cell culltures

85
Q
  • Clear, well defined patches in a cell sheet
  • Infection spreads gradually and symmetrically
  • the macroscopic manifestation of CPE’s
A

Plaques

86
Q

Noncellular infectious agent who’s brain tissue resembles a sponge

A

Spongiform encephalopathies

87
Q
  • common feature of spongiform encephalopathies
  • distinct protein fibrils in animal brains
  • NO nucleic acid….Just proteins
A

Prions

88
Q

Type of spongiform encephalopathy that affects CNS in humans

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

89
Q

Temperate phages and lytic phages do all of the same sort of things EXCEPT

A

temperate phages can integrate their own genome with the hosts genome

90
Q

2 main criteria used to classify viruses into families

A

structure

genetic makeup

91
Q

Enzyme used to transcribe RNA into DNA

A

reverse transcriptase

92
Q

naturally produced antiviral protein in humans

A

Lysozyme

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