Micro Ch. 6 Flashcards
(93 cards)
0
Q
What virus did Pasteur develop the vaccine for?
A
rabies
1
Q
What is the size range of animal viruses?
A
20nm-450nm
2
Q
Protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid in the central core.
-All viruses contain this
A
Capsid
3
Q
The capsid and the nucleic acid make this
A
nucleocapsid
4
Q
- additional covering external to the capsid
- usually a modified piece of the host’s cell membrane
A
envelope
5
Q
Viruses that consist of only a nucleocapsid
A
Naked Viruses
6
Q
A fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a hosts cell
A
virion
7
Q
most prominent geometric feature of a virus
A
capsid
8
Q
Identical subunits constructed from protein molecules that make up the capsid
A
capsomers
9
Q
- Found on both naked and enveloped viruses
- Project from either the nucleocapsid or envelope
- Allow viruses to dock with their host cells
A
Spikes
10
Q
Depending on how capsomers are shaped and arranged, they fit into 2 different groups called
A
helical capsid
icosahedral capsid
11
Q
- Rod shaped capsomers that bond together to form a series of hollow discs resembling a bracelet.
- The nucleic acid is inserted into the center of the disc
A
Helical Capsule
12
Q
The tobacco mosaic and rabies viruses are examples of what type of capsid
A
Helical
13
Q
- 3 dimensional, 20 sided capsid with 12 evenly spaced corners
- The number of polymers that make up these shapes vary from virus to virus
A
Icosahedron
14
Q
- A third type of capsid found in viruses that infect bacteriophages
- Have multiple types of proteins
- Take shapes that are not summetrical
A
Complex capsids
15
Q
A virus that infects bacteria
A
Bacteriophage
16
Q
Spikes are made of ?
A
Glycoproteins
17
Q
In the envelope, some or all of the regular membrane proteins are replaced with ?
A
Special viral proteins
18
Q
The sum total of the genetic information carried by an organism
The full complement of DNA or RNA carried by a cell
A
genome
19
Q
What is the general rule regarding viruses containing DNA and RNA
A
They can contain either but NEVER BOTH
20
Q
The number of genes carried by a virus is small or large when compared to cells
A
small
21
Q
Examples of DNA double stranded viruses
A
Variola (smallpox)
Herpes simplex 2
22
Q
Examples of Single stranded DNA viruses
A
Parvovirus
23
Q
Single stranded RNA genomes that are ready for immediate translation into proteins
A
positive-sense RNA
24
Single stranded RNA genomes that must be converted into proper form to be made into proteins.
Negative sense RNA
25
Enzymes within the host cell that synthesize DNA and RNA
Polymerases
26
Enzymes within the host cell that copy RNA
Replicases
27
Enzymes within the host cell that synthesize DNA from RNA
Reverse transcriptase
28
Single stranded, negative polarity RNA virus
Influenza virus
29
Double stranded RNA virus
Rotavirus
30
Single stranded RNA reverse transcriptase virus
HIV
31
Informal Virus Classification system
- Animal, plant, or bacterial
- DNA or RNA
- Helical or icosahedral
32
Criteria of a formal classification system
- structure
- chemical composition
- similarities in genetic makeup
33
suffix for virus families
viridae
34
suffix for virus genus
virus
35
a group of viruses that some scientists believe may constitute a new order of viruses due to:
- a distant relation to other viruses
- closely related to each other
Nucleocytoplastic
36
Give 3 examples of dsDNA viruses
Adenovirus
Herpes virus
Variola (smallpox)
37
name a ssDNA virus
parvovirus
38
Give 3 examples of ssRNA (+) viruses
Poliovirus
Rhinovirus
West Nile Fever
39
Give 3 examples of ssRNA (-)
Ebola
Influenza
Rabies
40
dsRNA virus examples
Rotavirus
| Measles
41
ssRNA (+) virus that becomes DNA in the host cell
HIV
42
ssRNA (+) that becomes DNA inside the virus
Hepatitis B
43
When individual genes exist on separate pieces of RNA or DNA
Segmented
44
suffix for virus Order
-ales
45
General phases in the life cycle of animal viruses
```
adsorption
penetration
uncoating
sythesis
assembly
Release from host cell
```
46
membrane receptors that viruses attach to are usually
Glycoproteins
47
Enter the host cell's nucleus and are replicated and assembled there
RNA or DNA?
DNA viruses (except poxviruses)
48
Viruses that are replicated and assembled in the cytoplasm
RNA viruses (except retroviruses)
49
The limitation of a virus only able to invade it's host if it can make an exact fit with a specific molecule
Host Range
50
Viruses haveTissue specificities called?
| Reason you don't get the flu in your foot
tropisms
51
Type of host range where a specific tissue is targeted by the virus
Restricted host range
52
Type of host range that affects 2 or 3 types of tissues
Intermediate host range
53
Type of host range that affects various cells of all mammals
broad host range
54
Process in which the virus lands on the cell and plugs into receptors
docking
55
2 principal means by which animal viruses penetrate
1. Endocytosis
| 2. Fusion
56
Penetration method of fusing to the host's cell membrane with the viral envelope
Fusion
57
Type of penetration that involves engulfing the entire virus into the cell and enclosing it into a vacuole and later releasing it's genome information into the cell
endocytosis
58
Enzymes in the vacuole produced during endocytosis dissolve the viral envelope and capsid, releasing the virus into the cytoplasm
Uncoating
59
RNA viruses that turn their RNA into DNA
retroviruses
60
An important event leading to the release of enveloped viruses just before they leave the cell
Inserting spikes into the cell membrane so they can be picked up as the virus buds off with it's envelope
61
2 ways that enveloped viruses leave the host cell
Budding
| Exocytosis
62
What method does a non-enveloped or complex virus leave the cell?
Lyse or rupture
63
Virus induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance
cytopathic
64
compacted masses of viruses or damaged cell organelles located in the nucleus or cytoplasm as a result of a viral infection
Inclusion bodies
65
a cell/virus relationship that does not kill the cell but keeps it as a carrier for as little as a few weeks or for the remainder of one's life
persistent infection
66
When viral DNA is incorporated into the DNA of the host
Provirus
67
- Fusion of multiple host cells into single large cells containing nuclei
- A cytopathic effect of some viruses
Synctia
68
Viruses that are usually dormant but periodically reactivate
| Examples...shingles, herpes simplex
chronic latent state
69
A type of virus that permanently alters the host cell's genetic material and causes cancer
Ocogenic
70
The effect an oncogenic virus has on a host cell
| -produces proteins that induce a loss of growth regulation
Transformation
71
Mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors
oncoviruses
72
Most widely studied bacteriophage
| Infects E.coli
T-Even (T-2,T-4)
73
Life cycle of bacteriophage that ends in destruction of the bacterial cell
Lytic phase/cycle
74
Bacteriophage becomes incorporated into the host cell DNA
Lysogenic cycle
75
Have the ability to undergo adsorption and penetration but do not immediately undergo replication or release
Temperate phages
76
an inactive state in which phage DNA is inserted into the hose chromosome
prophage
77
activation of a prophage in a lysogenic cell to undergo the lytic cycle
Induction
78
The Occasionally phage genes in the bacterial chromosome cause the production of toxins or enzymes that cause pathology in humans called?
Lysogenic conversion
79
- The acquisition of a new trait from a temperate phage
| - Responsible for the diphtheria toxin, cholera toxin, and botulism toxin
Lysogenic Conversion
80
Usual animals used for animal cultivation
white mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, and rabbits
81
Injection sites for viral exposure
```
Brain
Muscle
body cavity
skin
footpads
```
82
signs of viral multiplication in an egg embryo
pocks
death
defects in development
83
- Freshly isolated animal tissue is placed in a growth medium
- Cells undergo mitotic division
- Retain the characteristics of original tissues
Primary cell cultures
84
Tup of cell culture having altered chromosome numbers
- grow rapidly
- can be continuously subcultured
- show changes in morphology
Continuous cell culltures
85
- Clear, well defined patches in a cell sheet
- Infection spreads gradually and symmetrically
- the macroscopic manifestation of CPE's
Plaques
86
Noncellular infectious agent who's brain tissue resembles a sponge
Spongiform encephalopathies
87
- common feature of spongiform encephalopathies
- distinct protein fibrils in animal brains
- NO nucleic acid....Just proteins
Prions
88
Type of spongiform encephalopathy that affects CNS in humans
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
89
Temperate phages and lytic phages do all of the same sort of things EXCEPT
temperate phages can integrate their own genome with the hosts genome
90
2 main criteria used to classify viruses into families
structure
| genetic makeup
91
Enzyme used to transcribe RNA into DNA
reverse transcriptase
92
naturally produced antiviral protein in humans
Lysozyme
