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From Flashcardlet > Anatomy Lec Ch3 > Flashcards

Anatomy Lec Ch3 Flashcards

1
Q

what forms together to create tissue

A

cells

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2
Q

what are the four primary tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, muscle and neural

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3
Q

epithelial tissue contains

A

epithelia and glands

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4
Q

what is an epithelium

A

sheet of cells that covers an exposed surface or lines an internal cavity or passageway

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5
Q

what are the important characteristics of epithelia

A 
cellularity
polarity
attachment
avascularity
arranged into sheets or layers
regeneration
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6
Q

functions of the epithelial tissue

A

provide physical protection
control permeability
provide sensation
produce specialized secretions

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7
Q

epithelial tissue are located where

A

exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, and produces glandular secretions

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8
Q

what gives the epithelium great strength and stability

A

cell junctions, cell adhesion molecules, intercellular cement and physical interlocking

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9
Q

the basal surface of a typical epithelium is attached to the

A

basal lamina

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10
Q

the only way the epithelium can maintain its integrity over time is through continual division of

A

stem cells

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11
Q

simple epithelium is mead of how many layers

A

one single layer

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12
Q

the basal lamina contains how many layers

A

one

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13
Q

stratified epithelium has how many layers

A

two or more

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14
Q

simple epithelia are found where

A

protected areas inside the body, lining internal compartments and passageways
also found where secretion, absorpation, or filtration occurs

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15
Q

stratified epithelium are found where

A

found in areas subject to significant mechanical or chemical stresses

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16
Q

Squamous epithelium are shaped like

A

thin, flat and irregular shape “squished”

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17
Q

simple squamous epithelium are found where

A

in protected regions where diffusion or other forms of transport take place or where a slick, slippery surface reduces friction

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18
Q

simple squamous epithelium that lines the ventral body cavities is known as

A

mesothelium

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19
Q

the simple squamous epithelium lining the heart and all blood vessels is called

A

endothelium

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20
Q

where is stratified squamous epithelium found

A

the surface of the skin and the lining of the oral cavity, throat, esophagus, rectum, vagina and anus

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21
Q

the apical layers of epithelial cells are packed with filaments of the protein…

A

keratin

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22
Q

what do the cells of cuboidal epithelium resemble

A

little hexagonal boxes

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23
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium are found where

A

secretion or absorption take place such as the lining portions of the kidney tubules

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24
Q

where are stratified cuboidal epithelia found

A

lining the ducts of sweat glands

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25
Q

what is the shape of columnar epithelia cells

A

height is larger than its width

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26
Q

what makes a pseudostratified columnar epithelium special

A

seen as stratified due to nucleus location but all the cells rest at the basal lamina making it simple/ one layer

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27
Q

what is special about transitional epithelia

A

stratified and has ability to stretch

found in bladder

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28
Q

exocrine glands discharge their secretions where

A

onto the surface of the skin or onto an epithelial surface lining one of the internal passageways

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29
Q

what do serous glands secrete

A

watery solution containing enzymes, such as amylase (saliva)

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30
Q

what do mucous glands secrete

A

glycoproteins called mucins that absorb water to form slippery mucus

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31
Q

what do mixed exocrine glands secrete

A

both serous and mucous

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32
Q

how do endocrine glands secrete

A

exocytosis from the gland cells into the fluid surrounding the cell

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33
Q

what specifically do endocrine glands secrete

A

hormones

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34
Q

what are the two types of unicellular glands

A

goblet cells and mucous cells

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35
Q

what are the two characteristics used to describe organization of a multicellular gland

A

shape and pattern of duct

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36
Q

how does merocrine secretion work

A

secretory vesicles are released through exocytosis onto the surface of the cell

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37
Q

how does apocrine secretion work

A

the secretory product is released during the shedding of the apical portion of the cells cytoplasm

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38
Q

how does holocrine secretion work

A

destroys the gland cell, bursts

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39
Q

what are the 3 basic components of connective tissue

A
  1. specialized cells
  2. extracellular protein fibers
  3. fluid known as ground substance
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40
Q

what are the functions of connective tissue

A

establishing structural framework
transporting fluids and dissolved materials
protection
supporting and interconnecting other tissue types
storing energy reserves
defending body from organisms

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41
Q

connective tissue can be classified into 3 categories

A

connective tissue proper
fluid connective tissues
supporting connective tissues

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42
Q

what are the two types of tissue proper

A

loose and dense

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43
Q

connective tissue proper contains two types of cells

A

fixed cells and wandering cells

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44
Q

function of fibroblasts (fixed cell)

A

produce connective tissue fibers

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45
Q

function of fibrocytes (fixed cell)

A

maintain connective tissue fibers and matrix

46
Q

function of fixed macrophages (fixed cells)

A

phagocytize pathogens and damaged cells

47
Q

function of adipocytes (fixed cell)

A

store lipid reserves

48
Q

function of mesenchymal cell ( fixed cell)

A

connective tissue stem cells that can differentiate into other cell types

49
Q

function of melanocytes (fixed cell)

A

synthesize melanin

50
Q

function of free machrophages (wandering cell)

A

movile/ traveling phagocytic cells

51
Q

function of mast cells (wandering cell)

A

stimulate local inflammation

52
Q

function of lymphocytes (wandering cell)

A

participate in immune response

53
Q

function of neutrophils and eosinophils (wandering cell)

A

small, phagocytic blood cells that mobilize during infection or tissue injury

54
Q

what are the three types of connective tissue fibers

A

collagen, reticular and elastic

55
Q

what are the strongest and most common fibers in connective tissue

A

collagen

56
Q

tendons consist almost entirely of what kind of fiber

A

collagen

57
Q

what allows tendons and ligaments to withstand tremendous force

A

the parallel alignment of collagen fibers

58
Q

what makes reticular fibers different from collagen fibers

A

thinner and they for a branching interwoven framework that is tough but flexible

59
Q

what allows reticular fibers to resist forces applied from many different directions

A

the fibers form a network

60
Q

elastic fibers contain the protein

A

elastin

61
Q

what are the physical characteristics of elastic fibers

A

branching and wavy, recoild original dimensions

62
Q

what are the three types of loose connective tissue

A

areolar, adipose and reticular

63
Q

what does the areolar connective tissue contain

A

all the cells and fibers found in connective tissue proper, mostly contains ground substance

64
Q

what is the function of areolar connective tissue

A

cushions organs
provides support but permits independent movement
phagocytic cells provide defense against pathogens

65
Q

adipose tissue mostly consists of

A

adipocytes

66
Q

what is the function of adipose tissue

A

provides padding and cushions shocks
insulates
stores energy

67
Q

reticular tissue consists of

A

reticular fibers, macrophages, fibroblasts, and fibrocytes

68
Q

what is the funciton of reticular connective tissue

A

provides supporting framework

69
Q

what are the dominant fibers in dense connective tissue

A

collagen fibers

70
Q

what are the two types of dense connective tissue

A

dense regular connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue

71
Q

what are the four major examples of dense regular connective tissue

A

tendons, aponeuroses, elastic tissue and ligaments

72
Q

tendons attach

A

skeletal muscle to bones

73
Q

ligaments attach

A

cartilage to cartilage, bone to cartilage or bone to bone

74
Q

what is the function of dense regular connective tissue

A

provides firm attachment, conducts pull of muscles, reduces friction between muscles, stabilizes relative positions

75
Q

what is the function of elastic tissue

A

stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis, cushions shock, permits expansion and contraction of organs

76
Q

what is the function of dense irregular connective tissue

A

provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions, helps prevent over expansion of organs such as the urinary bladder

77
Q

What consists of fluid connective tissues

A

blood and lymph

78
Q

what are three components in blood

A

red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

79
Q

what are the two components of supporting connective tissue

A

bone and cartilage

80
Q

what are the three major types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic and fibrous

81
Q

what is most common type of cartilage

A

hyaline

82
Q

what is the function of hyaline cartilage

A

provides stiff but somewhat flexible support, reduces friction between bony surfaces

83
Q

what is the function of elastic cartilage

A

provides support but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape

84
Q

what is the function of fibrous cartilage

A

resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact, limits relative movement

85
Q

in bone, lacunae contain

A

osteocytes/ bone cells

86
Q

lacunae surround what in bone

A

blood vessels

87
Q

what are the two types of bone

A

compact and spongy bone

88
Q

compact bone contains

A

blood vessels in matrix

89
Q

spongy bone does not contain

A

blood vessels

90
Q

bone surfaces are covered in what

A

periosteum

91
Q

periosteum is composed of

A

fibrous outer layer and cellular inner layer

92
Q

function of periosteum

A

assists in attachment of a bone to surround tissues and to associated tendons and ligaments
the cellular layer helps with bone growth and repairs after injury

93
Q

what are the four types of membranes

A

mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial membrane

94
Q

membranes are made of

A

epithelial sheet with underlying connective tissue layer

95
Q

function of mucous membranes

A

coated with secretions of mucous glands

96
Q

synovial membranes produce what

A

synovial fluid within the joint

97
Q

muscle tissue is specialized for

A

contraction

98
Q

what re the three types of muscle tissue found

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

99
Q

how do skeletal muscles contract

A

stimulated by nerves, voluntary

100
Q

describe the appearance of skeletal muscles

A

cells are long, cylindrical, striated, multinucleated

101
Q

function of skeletal muscle

A

moves or stabilizes the position of the skeleton, guards entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts
generates heat , protects internal organs

102
Q

cardica muscle is found

A

in the heart

103
Q

what cells in cardiac muscle establish a regular rate of contraction

A

pacemaker cells

involuntary

104
Q

describe appearance of cardiac muscle

A

cells are short, branched, and striated with a single nucleus, cannot regenerate

105
Q

what is the function of cardiac muscle

A

circulates blood and maintains blood pressure

106
Q

describe smooth muscle

A

cells are short, spindled shape and nonstriated with a single central nucleus, can regenerate

107
Q

function of smooth muscle

A

moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions
controls diameter of respiratory passageways and regulates diameter of blood vessels
involuntary

108
Q

what is the funciton of neural tissue

A

the conduction of electrical impulses from one region of the body to another

109
Q

what two types of cells are in neural tissue

A

neurons and neuroglia

110
Q

describe what a neuron looks like

A

cell body (some) with dendrites attached and one axon

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