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From Flashcardlet > Micro Ch. 16 > Flashcards

Micro Ch. 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 2 major categories of immune dysfunction

A

Overreactivity (hypersensitivity)

Immunodeficiency (hyposensitivity)

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2
Q

Name the 4 types of overreaction to antigens

A 
Type I ("common”IgE & Histamine)
 Type II (IgG- and IgM-mediated cell damage)
 Type III (immune complex)
 Type IV Delayed (Tcells and Cytokines)
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3
Q

Define allergen and distinguish among inhalant, ingestant, and contactant types.

A

antigens that do not noticeably effect nonallergic individuals. Inhalent, ingestant, contactant, & injectant refers to the port of entry classification they fall under

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4
Q

Explain why systemic anaphylaxis is so serious.

A

Systemic targets include smooth muscle which is responsible for regulating the size of blood vessels and respiratory passageways,which alters blood flow, blood pressure, and respiration.

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5
Q

Test that measures the amount of histamine released from the patient’s basophils when exposed to a specific allergen.

A

Leukocyte Histamine-Release Test

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6
Q

Allergy test that measures levels of IgE to specific allergens

A

Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST)

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7
Q

A test for allergies that utilizes a differential blood cell count which can indicate the levels of basophils and eosinophils

A

In Vitro

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8
Q

A tried and true in vivo method to detect precise atopic or anaphylactic sensitivities.
A patient’s skin is injected, scratched, or pricked with a small amount of a pure allergen extract.

A

Skin Test

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9
Q

What is the goal of Anti-Allergy medication?

A

To block the progress of the allergic response somewhere along the route between IgE production and the appearance of symptoms

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10
Q
  • Controlled injections of specific allergens as determined by skin tests
  • A therapeutic way to prevent reactions between allergen, IgE, and mast cells.
  • Contain pure suspensions of plant antigens, venoms, dander, etc…
A

Desensitization or Hyposensitization

Allergy Shots

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11
Q

How are the ABO antigens determined?

What are made of?

A

Genetically (one from each parent)

Glycoproteins

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12
Q

Name the four blood types (phenotypes)

A

A (AA or AO)
B (BB or BO)
AB (AB)
O (OO)

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13
Q

Antibody in plasma for Type A blood

A

B

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14
Q

Antibody in plasma for Type B blood

A

A

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15
Q

Antibody in plasma for type AB

A

Neither anti A or anti B

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16
Q

Antibody in plasma for type O

A

A, B, or AB

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17
Q

Universal donor blood type

A

O

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18
Q

Universal receiver blood type

A

AB

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19
Q

How is the RH factor problematic for a newborn baby?

A
  • If an RH+ fetus develops within an RH- mother, the first pregnancy primes the mother’s immune system for the RH+ antigen.
  • If, during the second pregnancy, RBC’s cross the placental barrier and the mother’s body detects Rh+ in the baby yet again, it will attack the baby and cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), characterized by severe anemia and jaundice.
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20
Q

What are 2 ways to prevent Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn?

A
  1. A careful family history of the mother, including past children and their RH types and the father’s RH type
  2. passive immunization with antiserum containing antibodies against the Rh factor (Rh0 [D] immune globulin, or RhoGAM)
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21
Q
  • A complex group of syndromes that involve complement-assisted destruction (lysis) of cells by antibodies (IgG and IgM) directed against those cells’ surface antigens
  • Cells targeted are usually RBC’s
A

Type II hypersensitivities

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22
Q

-involves the reaction of soluble antigen combined with antibodies, results in complexes formed in the basement membranes of epithelial tissue.

A

Type III Hypersensitivities

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23
Q

How are type II sensitivities similar to type III?

A

Both involve production of IgG and IgM after repeated exposure to antigens and the activation of complement

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24
Q

How do type II sensitivities differ from type III?

A
  • Type III antigens are not attached to the surface of a cell.
  • the antigen recognized in type III reactions is soluble. -immune complex reaction or disease
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25
Q

In a type III immune complex disease, the antigen-antibody complexes are so abundant, they bury themselves in tissues and nuetrophils release what?

A

Lysosomal granules that digest tissues and cause a destructive inflammatory condition.

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26
Q

2 immune complex diseases

-

A

Arthus Reaction

Serum Sickness

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27
Q

Name the 4 classes of grafts

A

Autograft
Isograft
Allograft
Xenograft

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28
Q

Tissue transplanted from one site on an individuals body to another site on his or her body

A

Autograft

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29
Q

Tissue from an identical twin

A

Isograft

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30
Q

Exchanges between genetically different individuals belonging to the same species

A

Allograft

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31
Q

A tissue exchange between individuals of different species

A

Xenograft

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32
Q
  • Involve primarily the T-cell branch of the immune system
  • Symptoms arise one to several days following the second contact with an antigen
  • Result when T cells respond to antigens displayed on self tissues or transplanted foreign cells
A

Type IV Hypersensitivities: Cell Mediated (Delayed) Reactions

33
Q

Give 3 examples of Type IV (Delayed) Hypersensitivities

A

Delayed allergic reactions to infectious agents
Contact dermatitis
Graft rejection

34
Q
  • The most common delayed allergic reaction
  • exposure to resins in poison ivy or poison oak, physical items, or certain drugs
  • Cytokins damage the epidermis
A 
Contact Dermatitis
(atopic dermititis = Exzema)
35
Q

The bulk of the damage that occurs in graft rejections can be attributed to

A

Cytotoxic T-cell action.

36
Q

2 levels of severity of type I allergies

A

Atopy- chronic local allergy (hay fever, asthma)

Anaphalaxis- Systemic

37
Q

Cells of each person can exhibit variability in the pattern of these cell surface molecules, the pattern is identical in different cells of the same person.

A

MHC Genes

38
Q

What will happen when donor tissue (a graft) displays surface molecules of a different MHC class

A

The T cells of the recipient (called the host) will recognize its foreignness and react against it

39
Q

Autoimmune diseases in which type IV hypersensitivities play a role

A

rheumatoid arthritis
type I diabetes
multiple sclerosis

40
Q

Antigens that trigger hypersensitivity reactions are called

A

Immunodeficient

41
Q

the study of diseases associated with excesses and deficiencies of the immune system.

A

Immunopathology

42
Q

Inappropriate responses of the immune system to a normally harmless substance.

A

Hypersensitvity

43
Q

An Overpowering Systemic Reaction

A

Anaphylactic Shock

44
Q

An “anti-self” antibody having an affinity for tissue antigens of the subject in which it is formed.

A

Autoantibody

45
Q

A release of mediators from cells such as mast cells

A

Degranulation

46
Q

A diagnostic test in which a person is injected with a mycobacterium extract and the reaction is measured

A

Tuberculin Reaction

47
Q

A disease involving compromise of insulin function due to either destroyed pancreatic cells or insufficient production by the pancreas

A

Diabetes Mellitus

48
Q
  • AKA Hyposensitization

- A therapeutic exposure to known allergens designed to build tolerance and eventually prevent allergic reaction.

A

Desensitization

49
Q
  • most profuse and fast-acting allergic mediator

- Stimulates smooth muscle and glands

A

Histamine

50
Q

Primary mediators in Type II hypersensitivities include:

A

IgA
IgG
IgM

51
Q

Primary mediators in Type IV hypersensitivities include:

A

T Lymphocyte

52
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency is ____________

A

Acquired

53
Q

Antigens that trigger hypersensitivity reactions are allergens. They can be either_______ (originate outside the host) or__________ (caused by the host’s own tissue).

A

exogenous

endogenous

54
Q

Explains that during embryonic growth, some tissues are immunologically privileged.

A

The sequestered antigen theory

55
Q

Describe Multiple sclerosis including:
Type of hypersensitivity.
Target
Characteristics

A

Type II and IV
Target = Myelin sheath
T Cells attack myelin and decreases speed of nuerons

56
Q

Describe Graves Disease including:
Type of hypersensitivity.
Target
Characteristics

A

Type III
Target = Thyroid
Antibodies attack Thryoid stimulating hormone receptors

57
Q

Describe Type 1 Diabetes including:
Type of hypersensitivity
Target
Characteristics

A

Type IV
Target= Pancreas
T Cells attack insulin producing cells

58
Q

Name the steps of host rejection of a graft in order from start to finish

A
  1. Tc cells recognize foreign MHC class 1 marker
  2. Tc cells release interleukin -2
  3. Amplification of Th & Tc cells specific to graft MHC1
  4. Tc cells bind to grafted tissue & release lymphokines
  5. Antibodies formed against graft contribute to damage
  6. Destruction of the vascular supply to the grafted tissue
59
Q
  • Immunodeficiency diseases that are present at birth (congenital) and usually stemming from genetic errors
  • genetically induced deficiencies of B cells, T cells, the thymus, or combinations of these.
A

Primary

60
Q

Immunodeficiency diseases that are acquired after birth and caused by natural or artificial agents.

A

Secondary

61
Q

4 causes of Secondary acquired deficiencies in B cells and T cells

A

infection
noninfectious metabolic disease
chemotherapy
radiation

62
Q

infection-induced immunodeficiency caused when several types of immune cells, including T helper cells, mono-cytes, macrophages, and antigen-presenting cells, are infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

AIDS

63
Q

Conditions that can cause secondary immunodeficiencys

A

measles, leprosy, and malaria
Leukemia
Plasma and Thyroid Tumors

64
Q

Result from excessive IgE production in response to an exogenous antigen. (Hypersensitivity ?)

A

Type 1

65
Q

Type I allergens include:

A

inhalants
ingestants
injectants
contactants

66
Q

The most common type II reactions occur when?

A

Transfused blood is mismatched to the recipient’s ABO type.

67
Q

the most severe forms of primary diseases due to the loss of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

A

SCIDS

68
Q

B cells are responsible for which allergies?

A

asthma

anaphylaxis

69
Q

The contact with allergen that results in symptoms

A

Provocative dose

70
Q

Rejection of transplanted tissue is dependent on

A

MHC/HLA markers

71
Q

Molecules that differ in the same species

A

Alloantigens

71
Q

Molecules that differ in the same species

A

Alloantigens

72
Q

Conditions causing or resulting from a Type 2 Hypersensitivity

A

Transfusion of the wrong blood
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Rheumatoid Artritis
Multiple Sclerosis

72
Q

Production of antibodies against self antigens

A

Autoimmunity

73
Q

Conditions Causing or resulting from Type 3 Hypersensitivity

A

Graves Disease
Systemic Lupus
Myasthenia Gravis
Rheumatoid Arthritis

73
Q

A conceptual explanation for the development of lymphocyte specificity and variety during immune maturation.

A

Clonal selection.

74
Q

Which hyper sensitivities do not involve T Cells

A

Types I, II, and III

75
Q

IgE has an Fc region with a great affinity for which types of cells?

A

Basophils

Mast Cells

76
Q

Primary immunodeficiencies characterized by low levels of B Cells and low levels of gamma globulin

A

Hypogammaglobulinemia
Selective immunoglobin deficiencies
Agammaglobulinemia

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