Metallurgy Flashcards

1
Q

What are metals that have iron as the major ingredient and are usually magnetic?

A

Ferrous metals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the most common ferrous metals?

A

Carbon steel and cast iron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are metals that do not have iron in large enough amounts to have any major influence on the properties of the metals, or no iron at all?

A

Non-ferrous metals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How can you visually distinguish between hot rolled steel and cold rolled steel?

A

Hot rolled steel has a black mill scale.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can you use to identify metals with the same outward appearance, such as aluminum and zinc die-cast?

A

Weight identification.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Identifying an object as a casting by its rough outer surface is an example of what type of identification?

A

Identification by texture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Identifying an object by casting marks or by its intricate design is what type of identification?

A

Shape identification.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Identifying an object as a formed product by its solid metal, smooth outer surface is what type of identification?

A

Shape identification.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The ability of a metal to resist penetration and plastic deformation is what mechanical property?

A

Hardness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The ability of a metal to be stretched permanently without breaking is what mechanical property?

A

Ductility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The ability of metal to withstand shock and impact without breaking or shattering is what mechanical property?

A

Toughness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The ability of a metal to withstand pull without breaking is what mechanical property?

A

Tensile strength.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What mechanical property measures the ease with which you can cut and shape a metal?

A

Machinability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What property measures how easily a metal will fracture if bent sharply or struck?

A

Brittleness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What property measures how much squeezing force a metal can take before it fails?

A

Compression strength.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is yield strength?

A

The force at which a weld
specimen starts to pull apart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does elongation measure?

A

How much a metal will stretch
before it breaks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What will examining grain size tell you about a known metal?

A

Brittleness.
Tensile strength.
Heat treatment.
Ductility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Angle iron, channel iron or beams are an example of what type steel?

A

Structural steel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In specifying sizes of C shapes, what does the nominal size refer to?

A

The distance from outside flange face to outside flange face.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What would an imperial C shape size of C6 x 10.5 refer to?

A

Nominal size 6 inches and 10.5 lb/ft.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When specifying an L shape, what do the three numbers refer to?

A

Both leg lengths and thickness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When specifying a hollow structural section, what do the three dimensions refer to?

A

Both outside dimensions and wall thickness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is hot-rolled steel made a little larger than its nominal size?

A

So it can be finish machined to the nominal size if necessary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why should you leave a generous finishing allowance when machining cold-rolled steel?

A

Cold-rolling sets up internal stresses, which causes cold-rolled steel to warp during machining.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the process of making wire or tubing by pulling a steel rod through one or more dies?

A

Cold-drawing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is any tubular product that is produced in a size commonly used for piping systems?

A

Pipe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is any tubular product, other than pipe, that includes square, rectangular, and round shapes?

A

Tubing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

For pipes under 12 inches in diameter, what does the nominal size refers to?

A

Refers to a standardized outside diameter that, given a standard wall thickness, would provide an inside diameter roughly equal to the nominal size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the nominal size of pipes over 14 inches in diameter?

A

The nominal size equals the outside diameter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

For tubes, what does the nominal size refer to?

A

The nominal size equals the outside diameter of the tube.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How is sheet steel size specified?

A

By thickness, width, length and type.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How do you determining the carbon content for carbon and alloy steels?

A

The last two numbers of its ID number give the decimal percent of carbon in the steel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the carbon content of 4140 alloy steel?

A

The carbon content is 0.40%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the carbon content of low carbon steel?

A

0.02% to 0.30%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Can low carbon steel be hardened?

A

No, only case hardened.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the carbon content of medium carbon steel?

A

0.30% to 0.60%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What type of carbon steel are hand tools typically made from?

A

Medium carbon steel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the carbon content of high carbon steel?

A

Over 0.60%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What type of steel are cutting tools like taps and drills made from?

A

High carbon steel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Why does high strength low alloy steel not rust?

A

The rust that forms on the outer skin of this steel is impervious to water and prevents the steel from rusting further.

42
Q

Is tool steel meant to be hardened before or after machining?

A

Tool steel is hardened after machining.

43
Q

During fusion welding what effect does the heating the steel have on its properties?

A

It ruins the heat treatment.

44
Q

What metal is stainless steel alloyed with?

A

Chromium.

45
Q

What qualities does using chromium add when used as an alloy with carbon steel?

A

Corrosion resistance.
Improved heat treatment.

46
Q

What metal, other than chromium, is austenitic stainless steel alloyed with?

A

Nickel.

47
Q

What are some properties of austenitic stainless steel?

A

Excellent strength.
Very corrosion resistant.
Cannot be hardened.
Is not magnetic.

48
Q

What is ferritic stainless steel alloyed with?

A

Chromium.

49
Q

What are some properties of ferritic stainless steel?

A

Resists corrosion.
Lacks strength.
Cannot be hardened.

50
Q

What is martensitic stainless steel alloyed with?

A

Chromium.

51
Q

What are some properties of martensitic stainless steel?

A

Can be hardened.
Not as corrosion resistant.

52
Q

What is brass a mixture of?

A

Copper and zinc.

53
Q

What are some properties of brass?

A

Corrosion resistant.
Easy to machine.
Harder and stronger than aluminum.
Tougher than bronze.

54
Q

What is bronze made of?

A

Usually copper and tin.

55
Q

Is bronze usually harder than brass?

A

Yes.

56
Q

What is the process of heating and cooling a metal to change one or more of the metal’s properties?

A

Heat treatment.

57
Q

What is the structure of soft steel?

A

Pearlite.

58
Q

What does pearlite consist of?

A

Layers of ferrite (pure iron) and cementite (a carbide compound formed from iron and carbon).

59
Q

What is the structure of hardened steel?

A

Angular, needle like crystals called martensite.

60
Q

When is austenite formed?

A

Austenite is formed when pearlite is heated to a red heat, causing the layers of ferrite and cementite to begin to dissolve into each other.

61
Q

How is steel hardened?

A

It is heated until it changes to austenite.
It must be quenched (cooled rapidly) to form martensite.

62
Q

What carbon content does steel need in order to be hardened?

A

0.20%

63
Q

How does hardening temperature vary with the carbon content of steel?

A

Generally, the higher the carbon content, the lower the hardening temperature.

64
Q

When heating with a torch, what colour is the workpiece when the hardening temperature is reached?

A

Cherry red.

65
Q

After heating if quenching does not happen immediately, what happens to the steel?

A

It reverts to pearlite instead of martensite.

66
Q

If a steel has a high carbon content, how should it be quenched?

A

The piece should be gently cooled.

67
Q

When quenching a long and straight workpiece, how should it be put into the quenching medium?

A

Submerge the workpiece completely while holding it straight up and down. Move it in a figure eight motion.

68
Q

To remove the brittleness and internal stresses of freshly hardened steel, what must be done?

A

The steel must be tempered.

69
Q

What happens to hardness as the tempering time and temperature increases?

A

The hardness decreases.

70
Q

To achieve a more controlled temper, what mediums can the workpiece be heated in?

A

Oil, sand, salt, or lead bath.

71
Q

What is used to make a hardened workpiece soft again?

A

Annealing.

72
Q

What happens to the structure of the steel when it is annealed?

A

It is converted from martensite to pearlite.

73
Q

What is the process that eliminates strains and restores the proper grain structure of the steel?

A

Normalizing.

74
Q

What type of hardness testing determines the hardness of a specimen by measuring how far you can force a penetrator into the specimen?

A

Rockwell hardness testing.

75
Q

Why should you not use the steel ball penetrator on hardened steel?

A

It will flatten the ball and ruin it.

76
Q

What type of hardness testing system uses a hydraulic press to force a round penetrator into ferrous or non-ferrous specimens?

A

Brinell hardness testing.

77
Q

How do you perform a tensile test?

A

Pull the specimen apart until it breaks.

78
Q

When chip testing, what types of metal give smooth, continuous chips?

A

Aluminum, copper, or low-carbon steel.

79
Q

What do the chips look like when chip testing high carbon steel like cast iron?

A

The steel becomes more difficult to cut and the chips become smaller and more brittle.

80
Q

What is a quick and fairly accurate test for identifying a metal by studying the spark stream produced during grinding?

A

Spark testing.

81
Q

What is spark testing mainly used for?

A

To test for carbon content in steels and to distinguish between a cast steel and a cast iron.

82
Q

Sparks that are bright, long, straight, and yellowish in colour, with very little branching and few carbon bursts identify which metal?

A

Low carbon steel (mild steel).

83
Q

Sparks that are a darker yellow-orange colour and burst nearer to the wheel, with some sparks following around the wheel identify which metal?

A

High carbon steel.

84
Q

A spark stream that produces many bursts that are red coloured near the grinder and orange-yellow further out identify which metal?

A

Cast iron.

85
Q

Sparks that are orange with very little branching and end up ball-shaped identify which metal?

A

High-speed steel.

86
Q

What is a test which tests the resistance of a metal to cutting or abrasion?

A

File testing.

87
Q

What is the best file to use for file testing?

A

A sharp 6 inches or 8 inches three-corner file.

88
Q

How do you perform a metal flame test?

A

Heat a small area of the specimen to a molten state using an oxyfuel flame.

89
Q

What can you observe from a flame test?

A

Speed of melting.
Changes in colour.
Appearance and action of the slag.
Appearance of the molten puddle.
Action of the puddle under the flame.

90
Q

How does magnesium react to the flame test?

A

Magnesium sparks and flashes into flame violently.

91
Q

What is the report that contains information about a metal such as chemical composition, physical properties, mechanical properties, and specifications used for filler metals?

A

The mill test report.

92
Q

When cutting a piece from a plate what should be retained or transferred?

A

Any ID marks such as the heat number.

93
Q

What are the tags that are attached to bundles of material being shipped?

A

Metal specification tags.

94
Q

What is the process used to take hardened high carbon steel to a tougher hardness called?

A

Tempering.

95
Q

What quality do we look for when we make items out of zinc?

A

Manufacturing ease.

96
Q

What quality do we look for when making items out of magnesium?

A

Lightness.

97
Q

Which test would you use to determine if a metal is polished steel or stainless steel?

A

Magnet test.

98
Q

Which of these processes could you use to harden medium carbon sprocket teeth for wear resistance?

A

Flame hardening.

99
Q

What are the three main types of stainless steel?

A

Austenitic, martensitic, and ferritic.

100
Q

What process heats steel slightly above the upper critical temperature and then slowly cools it to relieve stresses?

A

Normalizing

101
Q

What process would you apply to a freshly welded carbon steel bandsaw blade?

A

Annealing.