Hand Tools Flashcards
What are three types of mechanical advantage that hand tools use?
Any three of:
1. Lever
2. Screw
3. Hydraulics
4. Inertia
5. Pulleys
6. Gears
How are cutting tools able to cut into the material they are pressed into?
The cutting edge is harder than the material.
How is the size of a bench vise determined?
By the width of its jaws.
The bench yoke vise (A) and the top screw bench chain vise (B) are used for what?
To hold pipe while it is being threaded, cut, or connected.
How is the size of a C-clamp determined?
The maximum distance between the jaws when the jaws are fully open determines the size of the C-clamp.
Why is the face of a ball-peen hammer have a slight dome to it?
To allow a surface to be struck without leaving a half moon imprint on the material.
Why should you never strike two hammers together when driving something?
They are both made of hardened steel and may shatter.
What is the included angle on a center punch and why is it this angle?
The included angle is 90-degrees.
This makes a wider indentation in the workpiece, which helps to start a drill.
What is the included angle on a prick punch and why is it this angle?
The included angle is 30- to 60-degrees.
The slender point angle, makes smaller, neater indentations in the workpiece which is good for layout work.
What are pin punches used for?
Used to drive or remove dowel pins, tapered pins, cotter pins and keys.
What is a drift punch use for?
- Aligning holes.
- Starting punch for stubborn or difficult to remove parts.
What are transfer punches used for?
To transfer center points of holes to another material.
Why is the box end of a wrench a good fastening device?
All the faces of the nut are in contact with the wrench.
Why are box end wrenches angled at 15-degrees to the working surface?
So that your hand clears the work.
Why is an open ended wrench angled at 15-degrees?
Flipping it over makes it easier to get a fresh bite on a nut, which is good in hard to reach places.
Why should you never use regular sockets with a pneumatic or electric impact wrench?
They can shatter.
What are some benefits of beam type and dial type torque wrenches compared to click type?
- They are useful for measuring rotating torques or preloads.
What are some options to increase the limits of a torque wrench?
- Torque wrench extensions.
- Torque multipliers.
What type of wrench should be used on a pipe if you want to avoid crushing the pipe?
A chain wrench.
If you want to avoid damaging the surface of a cylindrical component, what wrench should you use?
A strap wrench.
What type of wrench would you use to turn a notched nut?
A spanner wrench.
What type of wrench is used to turn a pin faced nut?
A pin-faced wrench.
What is the special wrench that is designed to be hammered on?
A slug wrench.
Which feature of a prybar acts as a fulcrum to increase leverage?
The rolling head.
How is the size of an adjustable wrench specified?
The length of the handle.
Why should blocking be placed under a load after jacking?
The jack could fail and the load could collapse.
What should be done to a shaft before using a puller?
Before removing a bearing or hub from a shaft with a puller, inspect and clean the shaft area.
How can a shaft be protected from the turning of the screw on a 3-jaw puller?
A soft center placed in between the shaft and screw.
What abrasive is used for rapid metal removal on ferrous materials such as steel?
Aluminum oxide.
What abrasive is used for polishing non-ferrous metals and steels when a high-quality finish is required?
Silicon carbide.
What is the amount of material removed by lapping?
Approximately 0.0005 inches or 0.01 mm.
Which method of lapping decreases the time required to finish a surface?
Wet.
What are the four main parts of a hacksaw?
- Frame.
- Blade.
- Handle.
- Adjusting nut (blade tensioning device).
What are the standard blade lengths and blade widths of hacksaw blades?
- 10- and 12-inch lengths.
- 0.5-inch width and 0.025-inch thickness.
How is hacksaw blade pitch measured.
The number of saw blade teeth per inch.
What hacksaw blade pitch is used for cutting soft, thick, heavy cross-sections of steel, iron, brass, bronze, copper, and aluminum?
14-pitch blade.
What hacksaw blade pitch is used for alloy steels, iron pipe and light angle iron, and is the most satisfactory blade for general shop use?
18-pitch blade.
What hacksaw blade pitch is used for cutting material with a small cross-section, which includes high-carbon steel drill rod, medium sheet metal, and heavy tubing?
24-pitch blade.
What hacksaw blade pitch is used for thin sheet metal and tubing, stainless steels, and tool steels?
32-pitch blade.
How many hacksaw blade teeth must remain in contact with the work?
3 teeth.
How type of hacksaw blade should be chosen when considering hardness of material?
- Choose a coarse pitch blade for soft material.
- Choose a fine pitch blade for hard material.
What is the set of a hacksaw blade?
The way the individual teeth or groups of teeth are bent out of line with the blade body.
What is the kerf of a cut?
The width of cut in the work material.
What are the parts of a file?
- Tang,
- Heel.
- Face.
- Edge.
- Point.
What is the safe edge of a file?
The narrow portion of the file left smooth so that it does not file material when the file is used on its side.
What are the four basic file types?
- Single-cut.
- Double-cut.
- Rasp.
- Curved.
What are single cut files generally used for?
The single-cut file has one set of teeth that run parallel to each other across the face of the file. Single-cut files are used to produce a smooth finish, as in draw filing operations.
What are double cut files generally used for?
The double-cut file is a file with two intersecting rows of teeth which cross the face of the file. In the coarser cuts, this type of file provides effortless chip removal and a high metal removal rate.
What are rasp files generally used for?
Rasps are produced with individual scallop-shaped teeth. Rasps are generally used in woodworking and farrier applications.
What are curved tooth files generally used for?
Curved tooth files have single-cut teeth that are in parallel arcs down the length of the file. They are used for soft metals such as copper, aluminum, babbitt, and lead.
What terms define file coarseness and how are they ordered?
The coarseness of a file is defined in sequence by the terms:
1. Rough.
2. Coarse.
3. Bastard.
4. Second-cut.
5. Smooth.
6. Dead smooth.
What type of files are used by instrument makers and tool and die makers for fine hand finishing or deburring operations?
Swiss Pattern Files (Precision Files).
This cutting tool is useful for cutting tool steels, tough alloy steels, castings, and forgings. What is it?
A rotary file.
This cutting tool is useful for or cutting non-ferrous metals such as brass, aluminum, and bronze. This type of tool releases the chip easily, making it suitable for cutting these softer materials. What is it?
A rotary burr.
When cross filing, by what angle should the cross strokes alternate from one another?
About 30º from the previous stroke.
What type of filing is pictured in the image?
Draw filing.
What are the different types of scrapers
- Flat.
- Triangular.
- Bearing.
What procedure is detailed in the image?
Scraping a babbitt journal bearing.
On a flat or cold chisel what angle is the point usually ground to?
Between 40- to 70-degrees.
What is a flat chisel used for?
- Cut the heads off rivets.
- Split nuts that have rusted.
- Cut sheet metal.
- Reduce the size of a flat surface (chipping).
What is the cape chisel used for?
Cutting keyseats in shafts and for chipping narrow grooves and channels in metal.
What is the round nose chisel used for?
To cut oil grooves in journal bearings.
What is the diamond chisel used for?
For squaring the 90-degree corners of a keyseat in a shaft.
How can a diamond chisel be used to help with a wandering drill during cutting?
A diamond point chisel can be used to cut grooves in the workpiece, which will help to draw the drill back into the correct location.
What are tinners or straight pattern snips used for?
For cutting straight lines or curves in thin gauge material.
What are combination snips used for?
The inner faces of the jaws are sloped for cutting curves and irregular outlines.
What are bulldog snips used for?
Their long handles provide greater cutting power for notching, nibbling, and cutting heavier gauge material.
What direction do the various colours of compound action snips cut?
Yellow cuts straight.
Green cut to the right.
Red cut to the left.
What type of taps are used to cut difficult materials by hand?
Serial taps.
The pitch diameter increases as you cut from #1 to #3.
The tap drill size is the minor diameter of the threaded hole. What percentage of full thread does the tap drill leave in the hole?
Approximately 75%.
What is the formula to calculate imperial tap drill size (TDS)?
TDS = MD - (1/N)
Where:
* TDS is the tap drill size,
* MD is the major diameter and
* N is the number of threads per inch.
How do you calculate the outside diameter of a machine screw?
OD = (Screw # x 0.013) + 0.060
How do you calculate the tap drill size (TDS) of a machine screw?
TDS = OD - (1/Screw #)
Screw number is threads per inch.
How do you calculate metric tap drill size?
TDS = MD - Pitch
What is the taper and included angle on a National Pipe Taper Thread cutting tap?
The taper of the thread on the tap is 3/4 inch per foot and has a 60-degree included thread angle.
How do you perform pipe tapping in order to get proper thread engagement for NPT?
- Use the male fitting as a gauge or find a nipple the same NPT size.
- Tap the hole deep enough to be able to turn the male fitting into the hole three to four threads by hand.
- The fitting should then be turned into the hole another three to four threads with the wrench. There should be approximately four threads still exposed on the male fitting when tight.
What type of die is used to cut standard threads up to 1-1/2 inches and is used in a die stock?
Adjustable split die.
What type of die is the most versatile because it provides the greatest amount of adjustment when taking progressive depths of cut to produce a thread?
The adjustable screw plate die.
What is important to remember about the serial numbers on an adjustable screw plate die?
When assembling the two die halves in the collet, always make sure the serial numbers face down. Never use die halves with serial numbers that do not match.
What is the solid die or die nut used for?
They are used specifically for chasing (reconditioning) damaged or corroded threads.
What amount of material should be left in a hole when hand reaming?
0.005 inch.
What type of hand reamer is designed to give small amounts of expansion by having a split reamer body with a tapered bore?
Expansion hand reamer.
What is the taper of taper pin reamers?
1/4-inch taper per foot.
How must a hole be drilled before reaming with a taper pin reamer?
The hole must be step drilled to exact sizes, making sure to leave enough material for the taper.
Hand reamers have a starting taper. What length is this taper relative to the reamer?
The taper is roughly equal to the diameter of the reamer.
What advantage do helical-fluted hand reamers have over straight fluted reamers?
They can be used in a bore with a keyway or oil groove. The reamer’s helical flutes span the keyway and shear the metal off efficiently.
The cutting action of broaching is progressive and the cut is increased by each tooth. How much material does each tooth cut?
0.003 inches.
How do you select the correct torque wrench capacity for a job?
A torque wrench should have sufficient capacity, so the working range is in the middle half of the scale and should never be used outside of the mid 80% of the scale.
What is the formula for calculating torque values when an extension is used?
(A/B) = (T/t)
Where:
A = torque wrench length with extension
B = original torque wrench length
T = torque with extension
t = original torque
What part of a torque multiplier must be locked into place when using to prevent its rotation?
The reaction arm (swing handle).
If you cannot find the value of a torque multiplier on its body how can you determine the value?
Count the number of turns the input takes to make the output make one revolution.
How is the torque setting for the torque wrench determined when using a torque multiplier?
Multiplier ratio x friction loss = new ratio
Required torque / new ratio = torque wrench setting with multiplier
The multiplier ratio is adjusted for friction loss and then the required torque setting is divided by this new adjusted ratio.
Why must you never hammer a workpiece on the slide bar of a vise?
This may crack or distort the vise.
What feature on a stamp helps to orientate the stamp correctly?
A groove in the side.
If a torque multiplier has a ratio of 12:1 with a 15% loss due to friction, what would the torque wrench need to be set to if the required output torque was 825 ft-lb?
80.9 ft-lb
If a torque wrench extension has a length of 4 inches and a torque wrench is 20 inches from the drive to the end of the handle, what setting would be required if the output torque required was 120 ft-lb?
100 ft-lb
For a flat screwdriver, a blade ground to a taper has a tendency to slip out of the hole. What can be done to overcome this?
Grind the end of the blade concave.
When regrinding a flat screwdriver, what must be considered to avoid damaging it?
Grind the minimum amount of material from the blade so as not to remove the hardened outer skin completely. Constantly quench the blade so you do not soften it by overheating.
Pinning occurs when chips of metal wedge themselves between the teeth of a file. What can be done to avoid this?
This can be reduced by applying chalk to the face of the file before filing. You need to clean the teeth with a file card.
What is the reason for the crown on the end of a flat scraper?
So that the outside edges do not dig into the finished workpiece.
In the lapping process, which is charged?
The lap.
You have to choose between four steel rods to cut a 1/2-13 UNC 2A thread with an adjustable split die. Which diameter rod would you use?
0.497 inches.
The rod must be smaller than the die in order for it to work.
