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NS Millwright Block 1 > Levelling and Bore Alignment > Flashcards

Levelling and Bore Alignment Flashcards

1
Q

How accurate is a carpenter’s, shop, or bench level?

A

0.020” per foot
or
0.1 degrees per foot.

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2
Q

How accurate is a precision or millwright’s level?

A

0.005’ per foot for each division.

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3
Q

How accurate is a master precision level?

A

0.0005” per foot for each division.

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4
Q

For optical instrument calibration how accurate is a level?

A

One arc-second or 0.001” over 17 feet.

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5
Q

For optical instrument calibration how accurate is a micrometer?

A

0.001” through its full movement range of 0.200”

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6
Q

For optical instrument calibration how accurate is a cross telescope?

A

Two arc-seconds.

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7
Q

What does it mean to put an object into the same plane as the horizon?

A

To level it.

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8
Q

With regards to being flat and level, a conveyor bed going up an incline from one floor to the next is an example of the equipment being what?

A

The bed must be flat, but the conveyor is not level.

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9
Q

What does it mean to align perpendicular to horizontal?

A

To plumb.

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10
Q

What is a reason to use an optical aligning tool instead of a plumb bob?

A

A plumb bob moves easily in a breeze and becomes inaccurate.

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11
Q

Using an alignment telescope with an optical micrometer attachment to check the alignment of the lathe compound tool rest to the center of the chuck is an example of measuring what?

A

Straightness.

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12
Q

If an object is aligned 90° to a reference line it is said to be what?

A

Square.

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13
Q

Should alignments over longer distances be performed using straight edges or optical tools?

A

Optical tools.

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14
Q

What are some advantages to using an optical tool line of sight to a tight wire or string line?

A

Does not sag.
Cannot be kinked.
Does not vibrate.
No tripping hazard.
Remains straight for long distances.
Measures with thousandths of an inch over long distances.

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15
Q

What are some of the potential problems with optical tool line of sight?

A

Hot or cold air distorts the image.
Glass refracts the line of sight and gives false readings.
Small openings make the object difficult to see.
Vibration of the tool blurs the target and gives an inaccurate reading.
Edges bend the line of sight.

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16
Q

When passing from a thinner medium into a thicker medium, how does light refract in reference to the normal?

A

Towards the normal.

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17
Q

When passing from a thicker medium into a thinner medium, how does light refract in reference to the normal?

A

Away from the normal.

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18
Q

What do parallel glass plates do to the path of light?

A

Off the original line of travel but stays parallel to it.

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19
Q

What does a convex lens do to light?

A

Focusses light.

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20
Q

What does a concave lens do to light?

A

Disperses light.

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21
Q

What is a glass body with three or more optically flat surfaces that are not parallel?

A

A prism.

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22
Q

Using auto-reflection, what does a jig transit allow the optical tool to do?

A

Turn a line of sight 90-degrees.

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23
Q

What is the principle used for testing and adjusting optical instruments and telescopes, for testing prisms and for positioning machine parts 90° to a reference line?

A

Auto-collimation.

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24
Q

When aligning using auto-collimation, how must the telescope crosshair and the reflected crosshair align to achieve perfect alignment?

A

The two sets of crosshairs merge into one when perfectly aligned.

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25
Q

Auto-collimation is similar to auto-reflection, but is more what?

A

Accurate.

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26
Q

What five things can be checked using optical equipment?

A

Level.
Flat.
Plumb.
Straight.
Square.

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27
Q

What are used as reference points to set the final elevations of installed machinery?

A

Benchmarks.

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28
Q

What is another name for crosshairs?

A

Reticle.

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29
Q

What is designed to be used so that no matter what angle the incident ray enters, the refracted ray leaves at 90°?

A

A pentaprism or optical square.

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30
Q

What is normally used for the rough levelling of optical equipment?

A

A fish-eye or circular bubble.

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31
Q

Optical levelling refers to the process of determining the difference in what two things between two points?

A

Level and Height.

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32
Q

All optical levelling equipment is basically composed of a telescope with a spirit level, attached in such a manner that when the spirit level is centered, the line of sight
through the telescope is what?

A

Horizontal.

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33
Q

To maintain accuracy, it is important to keep what an equal distance from the backsight and the foresight?

A

Yes.

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34
Q

What is the accuracy of a precision target used with an optical micrometer?

A

One thousandth of an inch. One ten thousandth of an inch with a vernier micrometer.

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35
Q

What is used on an alignment telescope or collimator to establish the tool in a level position?

A

A coincidence striding level.

36
Q

How accurate are coincidence striding levels?

A

One arc second (1/3600 of a degree).

37
Q

What type of holder is used to accurately position targets in the center of bearing bores?

A

A target holder.

38
Q

What attachment is used when the telescope is mounted close to the floor or some other obstruction?

A

A right-angle eyepiece.

39
Q

What type of target is mounted to the end of a telescope and is used to view the reflection of the telescope’s own crosshairs when looking at a mirror?

A

An auto-reflection target.

40
Q

What type of attachment mounts on the end of an alignment telescope and establishes a plane perpendicular to the reference line of sight?

A

An optical square.

41
Q

What level of accuracy can be achieved with a lightweight tripod?

A

0.020 inch.

42
Q

What level of accuracy can be achieved with a heavy duty instrument stand?

A

0.001 inch.

43
Q

What is the name of a special instrument stand for supporting the instrument near the floor or at any position where the line of sight is low?

A

A trivet (looks like a small tripod).

44
Q

What is similar to the cross-feed on a lathe and is used for for bucking in on (lining up with) targets?

A

A lateral adjuster.

45
Q

What type of scales are used for general work, such as levelling floors or setting the grade on drainage pipes?

A

A rough alignment scale.

46
Q

What is the accuracy of rough alignment scales?

A

Accurately read to half a cm, and estimated to the nearest mm.

47
Q

Why do inaccuracies develop because of rough alignment scales?

A

Because of their long length and from not holding them truly vertical.

48
Q

What is a simple way to obtain an accurate reading from a rough alignment scale?

A

By rocking the rod towards and away from the optical tool. The shortest reading is the correct reading since it is the one that is vertical.

49
Q

Besides the rocking method, what is another way to get an accurate reading with a rough alignment scale?

A

Ensure the rod is vertical by holding a small rod level on the side of the rod.

50
Q

What type of scale is usually shorter (3 to 40 inches), made of hardened tool steel, and can use magnets to attach to surfaces?

A

A precision alignment scale.

51
Q

How accurate are precision alignment scales?

A

0.001 inch.

52
Q

At what distance are alignment bar systems accurate?

A

over 100 feet.

53
Q

What is the vertical and horizontal measurement accuracy with alignment bar systems?

A

0.001 inch.

54
Q

When multiple perpendicular reference lines must be turned, such as for the alignment of rollers in the paper industry, what type of alignment system is used?

A

Alignment bar system.

55
Q

What are used to establish a level plane and are used strictly for levelling procedures?

A

Tilting levels.

56
Q

What is an extension of the optical axis established between the telescope and the target?

A

Line of sight.

57
Q

When levelling a crane, an alignment telescope is mounted on a plate set to a height to read a scale from the top of a crane rail. A coincidence striding level is used to set the telescope to level and, with the optical micrometer attachment, the distance at the different scales is read to an accuracy down to 0.001 inches. The difference between the two is shimmed. What is this an example of?

A

Using a straight reference line to level a crane.

58
Q

How do you prove readings when setting a crane rail level and straight?

A

Measure the rail from both ends to verify the readings.

59
Q

What special jig allows an optical telescope to be set up to establish a vertical plumb line quickly and easily?

A

A plumb aligner bracket.

60
Q

What is a theodolite many used for?

A

To measure horizontal and vertical angles.

61
Q

To allow for levelling, what size space should be left between the machine base surface and the top of the foundation?

A

A space of 3/4 inch to 1-1/2 inches.

62
Q

What is the purpose of a jig transit?

A

To align and establish precise vertical planes and plumb lines.

63
Q

What is the accuracy of a theodolite?

A

One arc second (1/3600 of a degree).

64
Q

What is the process of aligning an optical tool onto two targets at the same time?

A

Bucking in.

65
Q

What is one way the accuracy of a jig transit or theodolite can be checked?

A

Use a heavy plumb bob immersed in a bucket of oil. The cross hairs should sweep the line.

66
Q

How does a jig transit check for plumb?

A

By vertically sweeping scales from bottom to top.

67
Q

a

A

a

68
Q

What process is performed when the laser gun is mounted in one location on the flat surface and the target is moved along the flat surface and a microprocessor displays the amount by which the machinery is off level at any point on the flat surface?

A

Single flat plane levelling.

69
Q

When a beam or narrow flat surface is checked at up to 10 locations along its length and these measurement points are represented graphically, in mm or mils on the microprocessor display, what is being measured?

A

Straightness.

70
Q

What is being measured with the following process?
A cross measurement is taken and two diagonal straightness measurements are made on the object being measured. The program allows you to choose three corners as zero points. The difference between the measurement values at the center point indicates the value of the fourth corner (the checkpoint).

A

Flatness measurements.

71
Q

What is being measured by the following process?
The laser beam is guided through an angular prism that reflects the laser exactly 90°. With this extra prism, two measuring points toward the beam on one side of the angle are compared with two measuring points on the other. Any difference between the two is shown by the angle of the object being measured. Any deviation from a 90° angle is presented on the display of the microprocessor in mils per foot (or millimeters per meter).

A

Perpendicularity measurements.

72
Q

What three key parts do high accuracy, short distance laser systems consist of?

A

The laser, the receiver and the mounting hardware.

73
Q

What level of accuracy do construction grade lasers have?

A

1⁄4 inch per 100 ft (6 mm per 30 m).

74
Q

What benefit do laser plumb bobs have over traditional plumb bobs?

A

They prevent eyeballing (guessing where the line of reference lies).

75
Q

What can be used to improve the visibility of the laser dot, even under the poorest lighting conditions, such as the presence of bright sunlight.

A

Laser awareness glasses.

76
Q

Do laser awareness glasses protect the eyes of the user from the laser?

A

No.

77
Q

How should optical equipment be stored to prevent damage and prevent loss of calibration?

A

Store the instrument in its case and away from high vibrations, high humidity and dust.

78
Q

Why should you avoid looking into the beam of an industrial-quality laser tool?

A

Lasers can injure your eyes.

79
Q

Why should you wear laser safety glasses?

A

They can protect your eyes from accidental exposure to laser beams.

80
Q

Name three groups of laser tools used in industry.

A

High accuracy, long-distance lasers.
High accuracy, short distance lasers.
Construction grade lasers with limited accuracy.

81
Q

Into which safety classification do laser tools fall?

A

Class II lasers with a maximum output of less than 1 mW.

82
Q

Why is a space left between a sole plate and a foundation?

A

So the space can be grouted.

83
Q

Are short-distance lasers visible in daylight?

A

Yes.

84
Q

Optical levelling equipment is composed of a ____________________ with a spirit level attached.

A

Telescope.

85
Q

Identify three optical instruments used for levelling equipment.

A

Alignment telescope.
Theodolite.
Tilting level.
Jig transit.

86
Q

A period of ________________ the instrument is required to ensure accurate readings with a temperature change.

A

Acclimatizing.

NS Millwright Block 1 (23 decks)

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