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PMU Biochemistry > Metabolism of Ketone Bodies & Ketosis > Flashcards

Metabolism of Ketone Bodies & Ketosis Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs, in terms of KB, when there is a high rate of fatty acid oxidation

A

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2
Q

Give examples of KB - What are the structures of these

A

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3
Q

What is the normal concentration of KB in the blood

A

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4
Q

What is the normal concentration of KB in the urine

A

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5
Q

What organelle synthesises KBs (Ketogenesis)

A

..

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6
Q

What reaction makes Acetone

A

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7
Q

What enzyme, although rare, is involved in spontaneous decarboxylation of acetoacetate

A

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8
Q

How is acetone metabolised

A

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9
Q

Where is Hydroxybutyrate DH present (organelles and organs)

A

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10
Q

What is the role of Hydroxybutyrate DH

A

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11
Q

What cofactor does Hydroxybutyrate DH need

A

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12
Q

Describe how you could convert D(-)-3-Hydroxybutyrate into acetone - what reactions are reversible

A

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13
Q

What is the ratio of 3-OH-butyrate : acetoacetate

A

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14
Q

What are the substrates for Ketogenesis

A

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15
Q

What enzymes, that are important in ketogenesis, have increased activity after fasting

A

β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA, also known as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA

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16
Q
  1. What is the first step of Ketogenesis
A

HINT: two acetyl CoA

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17
Q
  1. What is the second step of Ketogenesis
A

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18
Q
  1. What is the third step of Ketogenesis
A

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19
Q

What is the fate of Acetoacetate

A

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20
Q

What determines, during Acetoacetate reduction, the ratio of 3-HB : Acetoacetate

A

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21
Q

Why is there more 3-HB in human blood

A

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22
Q

Describe the enzyme for utilisation of KB and what this means

A

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23
Q

What is the function of KBs

A

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24
Q

What determines how much KBs are oxidised in peripheral tissues

A

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25
Q

What happens to oxidation of KBs when their concentration is >12mmol/L

A

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26
Q

In peripheral tissues, during ketolysis, what KBs can be utilised

A

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27
Q

How does ketolysis occur

A

HINT: 3-HB needs to be oxidised

28
Q

During Ketolysis, why is 3-HB oxidised into AcAc - what happens to these co-factors

A

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29
Q

What does Ketolysis produce

A

HINT: energy

30
Q

How many mol of Acetyl-CoA are made during Ketolysis

A

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31
Q

What enzyme converts Acetoacetate into Acetoacetyl-CoA in Ketolysis - what other compound is needed.

A

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32
Q

What enzyme converts Acetoacetyl CoA into Acetyl CoA

A

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33
Q

What are the energetic balances of 3-HB and AcAc

A

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34
Q

What do KBs facilitate during glucose insufficiency

A

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35
Q

What are the 3 advantages of KB utility in the body

A

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36
Q

What are the chemical features of KBs

A

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37
Q

What are the 3 regulation phases for Ketogenesis

A

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38
Q

Describe Phase 1 regulation of ketogenesis

A

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39
Q

in Phase 1 regulation, What hormonal effects can change the mobilisation of TAG into FFAs

A

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40
Q

Describe the hormonal effects of Insulin and Glucagon in normal and starved conditions during phase 1 regulation

A

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41
Q

Describe phase 2 regulation of ketogenesis

A

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42
Q

Describe the hormonal effects of Insulin and Glucagon in normal and starved conditions during phase 2 regulation

A

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43
Q

Describe phase 3 regulation of ketogenesis

A

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44
Q

Describe the hormonal effects of Insulin and Glucagon in normal and starved conditions during phase 3 regulation

A

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45
Q

What is Ketonemia

A

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46
Q

What is Ketouria

A

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47
Q

What is Ketosis

A

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48
Q

How are KBs neutralised in blood and urine

A

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49
Q

What happens to neutralisation during prolonged high conc. of KB in blood and urine - what does this lead to

A

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50
Q

What determines the criteria for severity of Ketoacidosis

A

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51
Q

What is Physiological Ketoacidosis

A

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52
Q

What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis - what are the conc. of KBs and FFA in blood - how to control this

A

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PMU Biochemistry (17 decks)

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