Metabolism of Hexoses Other than Glucose Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of carbohydrates are mannose, glucose, galactose, and fructose?

A

Hexoses

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2
Q

Where does galactose enter glycolysis at?

A

It is converted to glucose 6-phosphate and begins glycolysis there.

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3
Q

Where do mannose and fructose (in muscle) enter glycolysis at?

A

They are converted to fructose 6-phosphate and enters glycolysis there.

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4
Q

Where does fructose enter glycolysis at in the liver?

A

It is converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and enters glycolysis there.

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5
Q

What are the primary sources of fructose?

A

1) Fruit

2) Sucrose (disaccharide of glucose and fructose)

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6
Q

What enzyme converts fructose into fructose-6-phosphate in muscle?

A

Hexakinase

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7
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of fructose to fructose-1-phosphate in liver?

A

Fructokinase

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8
Q

True or false: Glucokinase in the liver will react with fructose?

A

False

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9
Q

Which type of aldolase is specific for fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?

A

Type A in muscle

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10
Q

Which type of aldolase in the liver will use both FBP and fructose 1-phosphate as substrates?

A

Type B

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11
Q

What are the two options for fructose in the liver after it has been converted to glyceraldehyde?

A

1) Glyceraldehyde kinase converts it to GAP (which allows it to enter glycolysis)
2) It is converted to glycerol by ADH, then to glycerol-3-phosphate by glycerol kinase, then to DHAP by glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, then to GAP by triose phosphate isomerase (where it enters glycolysis).

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12
Q

True or false: Both pathways in the liver from glyceraldehyde to GAP have the same net energy cost.

A

True

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13
Q

True or false: Both pathways in the liver from glyceraldehyde to GAP produce ATP.

A

False

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14
Q

Which of the two pathways in the liver from glyceraldehyde to GAP oxidize/reduce NADH?

A

The longer pathway

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15
Q

Which of the two pathways in the liver from glyceraldehyde to GAP produce glycerol-3-phosphate and glycerol?

A

The longer pathway?

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16
Q

What can glycerol-3-phosphate become the backbone for?

A

Glycerophospholipids and triacylglycerols

17
Q

What happens to fructose if there are high concentrations of ATP?

A

It will be converted to fat.

18
Q

True or false: Fructose is converted to fructose-1-phosphate by phosphofructokinase in the liver.

A

False; fructose bypasses PFK in the liver. Fructose kinase takes it to F1P.

19
Q

What is fructose intolerance caused by?

A

Deficiency of Type B aldolase

20
Q

Why does a deficiency of Type B aldolase cause when fructose is consumed?

A

1) F1P accumulates and depletes liver stores of Pi.
2) Reduced ATP causes liver damage.
3) Increased F1P inhibits glycogen phosphorylase (breaks down glycogen) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (for gluconeogenesis).
4) This causes severe hypoglycemia.

21
Q

How is fructose ingestion inhibited in someone with a deficiency of Type B aldolase?

A

They develop a strong distaste for anything sweet.

22
Q

Where does galactose come from?

A

Hydrolysis of lactose (galactose and glucose)

23
Q

What is the difference between galactose and glucose?

A

They differ only in configuration at carbon 4.

24
Q

True or false: Hexokinase converts galactose to glucose-6-phosphate.

A

False; it works on glucose, fructose, and mannose, but not galactose.

25
Q

What are the 4 steps of the epimerization that convert galactose to glucose-6-phosphate?

A

1) Galactokinase converts galactose to galactose 1-phosphate
2) Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase converts galactose-1-phosphate to UDP-galactose.
3) UDP-galactose-4-epimerase converts UDP-galactose to glucose-1-phosphate.
4) Phosphoglucomutase converts G1P to G6P, which enters glycolysis.

26
Q

What is the disease that occurs from the inability to convert galactose to glucose?

A

Galactosemia

27
Q

What are the symptoms of galactosemia?

A

1) Failure to thrive
2) Mental retardation
3) Death
4) Cataracts

28
Q

What usually causes galactosemia?

A

Deficiency of Gal-1-P uridyl transferase

29
Q

What does galactosemia cause to happen in the lens of the eye?

A

High [galactitol] (from high blood levels of galactose), leading to cataracts.

30
Q

What is the treatment for galactosemia?

A

Galactose-free diet (which can reverse all symptoms except mental retardation).

31
Q

Where does one’s required galactose come from if one is on a galactose-free diet?

A

Glucose

32
Q

Where does mannose come from?

A

Digestion of polysaccharides and glycoproteins

33
Q

Where does mannose enter glycolysis?

A

As fructose-6-phosphate

34
Q

What enzyme converts mannose into mannose-6-phosphate?

A

Hexokinase

35
Q

What enzyme converts mannose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate?

A

Phosphomannose isomerase.