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Biochemistry: Exam 3 > Intro to Metabolism > Flashcards

Intro to Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

The overall process through which living systems acquire and use energy to carry out various functions.

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

The degradation of nutrients and cell components to salvage components and/or generate energy.

A

Catabolism

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3
Q

The biosynthesis of biomolecules from simpler molecules.

A

Anabolism

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4
Q

What are the intermediates in metabolic pathways called?

A

Metabolites

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5
Q

Which type of metabolism carries out exergonic oxidation of nutrients?

A

Catabolism`

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6
Q

What drives anabolic reactions?

A

The energy derived from catabolic reactions

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7
Q

What class of enzymes catalyze oxidation/reduction reactions in metabolism?

A

Oxidoreductases

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8
Q

What classes of enzymes catalyze group transfer reactions in metabolism?

A

1) Transferases

2) Hydrolases

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9
Q

What classes of enzymes catalyze elimination, isomerization, and rearrangement reactions in metabolism?

A

1) Isomerases

2) Mutases

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10
Q

What classes of enzymes catalyze carbon-carbon bond breaking or formation reactions in metabolism?

A

1) Hydrolases
2) Lyases
3) Ligases

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11
Q

What are the products of the Citric Acid Cycle (TCA)?

A

1) CO2

2) NADH and FADH2

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12
Q

What are the reduced enzymes (products of the TCA) that drive electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation?

A

NADH and FADH2

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13
Q

What are the products of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

1) ATP
2) NAD+
3) FAD
4) H20

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14
Q

What are metabolic reactions controlled by? What guarantees the efficiency of reactions?

A

Enzymes; the enzymes guarantee efficiency by preventing useless or toxic by-products.

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15
Q

What allows different metabolic pathways to occur at the same time?

A

The pathways are compartmentalized.

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16
Q

What types of proteins are necessary for metabolism due to the compartmentalization of metabolic pathways?

A

Transport proteins

17
Q

In what organelle does the Citric Acid Cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid break-down take place?

A

Mitochondrion

18
Q

Where does glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid biosynthesis, and many reactions of gluconeogenesis take place?

A

The cytosol of the cell

19
Q

In which organelle does enzymatic digestion of cell components and ingested material take place?

A

Lysosome

20
Q

In which organelle does DNA replication and transcription and RNA processing take place?

A

Nucleus

21
Q

In which organelle does post-translational processing of membrane and secretory proteins and formation of plasma membrane and secretory vesicles take place?

A

Golgi apparatus

22
Q

In which organelle does synthesis of membrane-bound and secretory proteins take place?

A

Rough ER

23
Q

In which organelle does lipid and steroid biosynthesis take place?

A

Smooth ER

24
Q

In which organelle do oxidative reactions carried out by amino acid oxidases and catalases take place?

A

Peroxisome

25
Q

What are enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction. These enzymes usually display different kinetic parameters (e.g. different KM values), or different regulatory properties.

A

Isoenzymes

26
Q

What is a larger than normal level of LDH-1 (lactate dehydrogenase-1) in blood indicative of?

A

A heart attack

27
Q

Where is the M type of LDH normally found?

A

Anaerobic tissue (skeletal muscle and liver-take pyruvate to lactate)

28
Q

Where is the H type of LDH normally found?

A

Aerobic tissues (heart-take lactate to pyruvate)

29
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the reaction of pyruvate to lactate (and vice-versa)?

A

LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) (M type takes pyruvate to lactate, H type takes lactate to pyruvate)

30
Q

Where does protein enter the metabolic pathway?

A

At pyruvate, Acetyl CoA, and the TCA cycle

31
Q

Where do triacylglycerides enter the metabolic pathway?

A

AT pyruvate and acetyl CoA

32
Q

Where does Galactose enter glycolysis?

A

At G6P

33
Q

Where does Fructose from liver enter glycolysis?

A

At DHAP and GAP

34
Q

Where does fructose from adipose tissue enter glycolysis?

A

At F6P

35
Q

What are the electron carriers for catabolism?

A

NADH and FADH2

36
Q

What is the electron carrier for anabolism?

A

NADPH

37
Q

What are the reactants and products of homolytic fermentation?

A 
Reactants = pyruvate and NADH
Products = pyruvate and NAD+

Biochemistry: Exam 3 (23 decks)

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