Biochemical Signaling: Hormones Flashcards
Which hormones fuel metabolism?
Pancreatic hormones
Which hormones are responsible for fight or flight?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
What processes do steroid hormones contribute to?
Metabolic and sexual regulation
What are the chemical messengers in the body that mediate extracellular signals?
Hormones
What does every biochemical signaling pathway include?
1) A signal (the hormone)
2) A receptor protein
3) Mechanism for transmitting hormone binding to cell interior
4) Series of intracellular response that amplify the signal
5) Termination of the signal
What catalyzes the intracellular secondary messengers or chemical changes that amplify the signal?
Kinases and Phosphatases
What are the steps of the signal transduction pathway?
1) Release of the primary messenger (triggered by a stimulus)
2) Reception of primary messenger by membrane recepters.
3) Relay of information from the receptor-ligand complex (extracellular) into the cell by secondary messengers.
4) Activation of effectors that alter the physiological response of the cell.
5) Termination of the signal.
What is the signal molecule often referred to?
the ligand
These are atoms or molecules with electron pairs available; they may be neutral or negatively charged. They binds to a central metal atom to form a complex.
Ligand
What causes changes to concentrations of second messengers that relay information from the ligand-receptor extracellular complex?
Structural changes in membrane receptors
The process of converting the information from a primary messenger into other chemical forms.
Transduction
Which glands in animals synthesize and release hormones into the bloodstream in response to external stimuli?
Endocrine glands
What amino acid are epinephrine and norepinephrine derivatives of?
Tyrosine
What three types of biological molecules are most hormones made of?
1) Polypeptides
2) Amino acid derivatives
3) Steroids
What are the three major roles of hormones in the body?
1) Maintain homeostasis
2) Respond to external stimuli.
3) Cyclic and developmental programs
How do endocrine glands get their hormones to target cells?
Through the bloodstream.
True or false: Endocrine glands are a collection of independent secretory organs.
False
True or false: Endocrine glands form a complex and highly controlled network.
True
What are the 8 major endocrine glands?
1) Hypothalamus
2) Pituitary
3) Parathyroid
4) Thyroid
5) Adrenal
6) Pancreas
7) Kidneys
8) Ovaries and testes
Where are polypeptide hormones synthesized as prohormone?
In ribosomes
Where are polypeptide hormones processed into mature hormones?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies
Where are mature polypeptide hormones stored to await stimuli for release?
In secretory granules
By what process are polypeptide hormones released?
Exocytosis
What do Pancreatic Islet hormones control?
Fuel metabolism
How does the bulk of the pancreas function?
As an exocrine gland producing digestive enzymes.
What are trypsin and chymotrypsin?
Digestive enzymes
What is RNase A?
A digestive enzyme
Where are alpha-amylase and Phospholipase A2 procduced? What are they?
Pancreatic Islet; digestive enzymes