Metabolism 2 Flashcards
Enzymes are
catalysts
proteins
specific
end in -ase
What does enzymes as catalyst do
Lower activation energy
Increases reaction rate (not speed!)
Enzyme part that is protein
Apoenzyme (protein component)
Enzymes part that is NOT protein
Cofactor (nonprotein component)
Prosthetic group (firmly attached)
Coenzyme (loose attach; can dissociate)
Holoenzyme
Apoenzyme + cofactor
Riboenzyme
catalytic RNA
coenzymes
loose attach with enzyme
can dissociate
exergonic reaction
See slide 12 graph
(products have less E than reactants)
cuz the products is lower than the reactants on graph
What is the 3D structure of an enzyme
Active site
due to 3D structure
List 4 things with enzymes
Active site
Allosteric site
Competitive vs. Noncompetitive inhibition
Induced fit vs. lock & key model
Look at slide 13 for enzyme plus enzyme substrate equal enzyme and product
Notice the enzyme is not used up
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) info
Energy carrier
Phosphorylation
hydrolysis
What is phospholryation
Addition of phosphate (ADP + P = ATP)
Ex: phosphorylate glucose in glycolysis
+^G
What is hydrolysis
Release phosphate (Pi) so ATP - P =ADP
Pyrophosphate (PPi)
-^G
When -^G what kind of reaction
endergonic- cleave off P
when +^G what kind of reaction
exergonic, add P
Name reactions that exergonic
respiration (both)
fermentation
phototrophy
chemoliothropy
Name reaction that are endogonic
need energy
chemical work
transport work
mechanical work
3 ways How is ATP made in the cell
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Phosphate transferred from organic compound to ADP
Oxidative phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis
Make ATP from Proton motive force (moving H+)
Requires ATP synthase, PMF, and electron transport chain
Micronutrients
Trace elements
Part of enzymes and cofactors
Examples: B, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, W, V, Zn
Macronutrients
Carbon hydrogen
oxygen potassium
nitrogen calcium
iron magnesium
Carbohydrate macronutrients
Carbon hydrogen oxygen phosphorus
nitrogen sulfer
Potassium macronutrient
enzyme
calcium macronutrient
Stabilize bacterial cell walls;
heat resistance in bacterial endospores;
signaling molecule in eukaryotes
Magnesium macronutrient
Cofactor for enzymes
, complexes with ATP,
stabilizes ribosomes and cell membranes
Iron macronutrient
Cofactor for enzymes and electron carrier proteins (cytochromes and iron-sulfur proteins)
Growth factors
Organic compounds
Required in small amounts (coenzymes)
Vitamins, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines
Fastidious =
Fastidious = organisms that require growth factors
