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Cellbio > End of Catabolism miscellaneous > Flashcards

End of Catabolism miscellaneous Flashcards

1
Q

How much energy (ATP) produced during anaerobic respiration

A

2 ATP vs 38 for aerobic

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2
Q

Why is less energy produced during anaerobic respiration?

A

Electron acceptors are less powerful oxidizing agents (less positive E0’) than O2!!

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3
Q

why does glycolysis or aerobic produce more ATP

A

Cuz O2 is final electron acceptor more powerful oxidizing agent

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4
Q

________ reactions capture energy from the organisms’ energy source.

A

Catabolic

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5
Q

________ is the total of all chemical reactions occurring in the cell.

A

Metabolism

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6
Q

________ reactions build new organic molecules from smaller inorganic and organic compounds.

A

Anabolic

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7
Q

________ is the science that analyzes energy changes in a collection of matter

A

Thermodynamics

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8
Q

In order for the cell to be able to input energy into necessary endergonic reactions, energy-generating processes such as photosynthesis, fermentation, and respiration are used to produce ________.

A

ATP

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9
Q

Disruption of an enzyme’s structure with loss of activity caused by extremes of pH, temperature, or other factors is called ________.

A

denatured

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10
Q

RNA molecules that have catalytic activity are known as ________.

A

ribozymes

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11
Q 
Cells carry out three major types of work; which of the following involves the synthesis of macromolecules as well as the breakdown of substances for their energy?
A) Chemical work
B) Transport work
C) Mechanical work
D) None of the choices are correct.
A

A

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12
Q 
Cells carry out three major types of work; which of the following involves nutrient uptake and waste elimination?
A) Chemical work
B) Transport work
C) Mechanical work
D) None of the choices are correct.
A

B

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13
Q 
Cells carry out three major types of work. Which of the following involves energy for cell motility and the movement of structures within cells?
A) Chemical work
B) Transport work
C) Mechanical work
D) None of the choices are correct.
A

C

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14
Q

Energy can be redistributed within a collection of matter (called a system) or can be redistributed between the system and its surroundings.

A

True

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15
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system.
A) Entropy
B) Enthalpy
C) Free energy
D) Synergy
A

A

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16
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed.
A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth
A

A

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17
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ law of thermodynamics states that physical and chemical processes occur in such a way that randomness (disorder) increases to a maximum.
A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth
A

B

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18
Q 
The amount of heat energy needed to raise 1 gram of water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C is called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) joule
B) calorie
C) erg
D) thermal unit
A

B

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19
Q

The numerical value of the free energy change indicates how fast a reaction will reach equilibrium.

A

False

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20
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the total energy change that accompanies a chemical reaction.
A) Entropy
B) Enthalpy
C) Free energy
D) Synergy
A

B

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21
Q 
The change in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the amount of energy in a system that is available to do work.
A) entropy
B) enthalpy
C) free energy
D) synergy
A

C

22
Q

The most commonly used practical form of energy used in cells is adenosine diphosphate.

A

False Adenosine TRIphosphate ATP

23
Q 
A reaction that releases energy is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) exergonic
B) endergonic
C) impossible
D) None of the choices are correct.
A

A

24
Q 
A chemical reaction that requires an input of energy in order to proceed is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) exergonic
B) endergonic
C) impossible
D) None of the choices are correct.
A

B

25
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the electron acceptor in a redox reaction.
A) reductant
B) oxidant
C) enzyme
D) product
A

B

26
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the electron donor in a redox reaction.
A) reductant
B) oxidant
C) enzyme
D) product
A

A

27
Q 
The standard reduction potential of a redox reaction is a measure of the tendency of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ electrons.
A) reductant; gain
B) reductant; lose
C) oxidant; gain
D) oxidant; lose
A

B

28
Q 
Which of the following is used as an electron carrier by living organisms?
A) NAD+
B) NADP+
C) Ubiquinone
D) All of the choices are correct.
A

D

29
Q

The electron transport chain is based on the principle that redox couples with more positive reduction potentials will donate electrons to couples with more negative potentials.

A

False

30
Q

Which of the following is/are true about enzymes?
A) Enzymes are catalysts that speed up reactions.
B) Enzymes are proteins that can be denatured by changes in pH or temperature.
C) Enzymes are highly specific for the substrates they react with and catalyze only one or a limited set of possible reactions with those substrates.
D) All of the choices are correct.

A

D

31
Q

Each enzyme normally has specific pH and temperature optima at which they function best.

A

True

32
Q

Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction but do not alter equilibrium constants.

A

True

33
Q

Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by increasing molecular motion, thereby providing kinetic energy to drive the reaction

A

False

34
Q 
The most specific term usually used to describe a substance in a biological system that increases the rate of a reaction without being permanently changed by the reaction is a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) catalyzer
B) reductant
C) enzyme
D) rate increaser
A

C

35
Q 
The substrate of an enzyme binds at the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) affinity site
B) active site
C) determinative site
D) reaction site
A

B

36
Q 
A complete enzyme that consists of a protein component and a nonprotein component is called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) apoenzyme
B) heteroenzyme
C) holoenzyme
D) multienzyme
A

C

37
Q 
A nonprotein component of an enzyme that is loosely attached to the protein component is referred to as a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) apoenzyme
B) coenzyme
C) holoenzyme
D) prosthetic group
A

B

38
Q 
The nonprotein component of an enzyme that is firmly attached to the protein is called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) apoenzyme
B) coenzyme
C) holoenzyme
D) prosthetic group
A

D

39
Q 
If an enzyme consists of a protein component and a nonprotein component, the protein component is referred as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) apoenzyme
B) coenzyme
C) holoenzyme
D) prosthetic group
A

A

40
Q

Enzymes catalyze a reaction by ________.
A) decreasing the amount of energy released by the reaction
B) increasing the amount of energy released by the reaction
C) decreasing the activation energy of the reaction
D) increasing the activation energy of the reaction

A

C

41
Q 
Which of the following are components of the ATP molecule? (Check all that apply.)
A) Adenine
B) Ribose
C) Deoxyribose
D) Three phosphates
A

A B D

42
Q

The energy made available during cell respiration and fermentation is used to make ________, which is then available to provide energy for cellular work.

A

ATP

43
Q

Consider the following two half reactions:

NAD+ + H+ + 2e− → NADH Eo (volts) = − 0.32

Pyruvate− + 2H+ + 2e− → lactate 2− Eo(volts) = − 0.19

In a redox reaction involving NAD/NADH and pyruvate, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ will be the electron donor and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ will be the electron acceptor.
A) lactate; pyruvate
B) NADH; pyruvate
C) NAD+; pyruvate
D) pyrvuate; lactate
A

B

44
Q 
Where is the electron transport chain located in bacterial cells?
A) Plasma membrane
B) Periplasm
C) Mitochondrial inner membrane
D) Mitochondrial outer membrane
A

A

45
Q

In bacterial and archaeal cells, the electron transport chain is located in the ________ whereas in eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in the ________.
A) inner mitochondrial membrane; outer mitochondrial membrane
B) plasma membrane; outer mitochondrial membrane
C) inner mitochondrial membrane; plasma membrane
D) plasma membrane; mitochondrial matrix
E) plasma membrane; inner mitochondrial membrane

A

E

46
Q

Enzymes decrease the overall free energy change in a chemical reaction.

A

False no change

47
Q

Until the discovery of ________, enzymes were the only recognized biological molecules that were catalytic.

A

ribozymes

48
Q

Which of the following reactions is catalyzed by a ribozyme?
A) First reaction in glycolysis (phosphorylation of glucose)
B) Attachment of amino acid to transfer RNA
C) Peptide bond formation during protein synthesis
D) Last step in electron transport chain (reduction of O2 to form H2O)

A

C

49
Q 
Which strategy can be used for regulation of metabolism? 
A) Feedback inhibition
B) Allosteric regulation
C) Regulation of enzyme synthesis
D) Covalent modification of enzymes
E) All of the choices are correct.
A

E

50
Q

In the equation ΔG’o = nF ∙ ΔE’o, ________.
A) the greater the difference in standard reduction potentials between the electron donor and electron acceptor, the greater the free energy available to do work
B) when the difference in reduction potentials between the electron donor and electron acceptor is small, the yield of free energy is great
C) the greater the difference in reduction potentials of the participants of the redox reaction, the smaller the energy yield to the surroundings
D) the difference between the reduction potentials of the redox participants is inversely proportional to the change in free energy

A

A

51
Q

In the electron transport chain, why do electrons flow in one direction from NADH to O2 rather than the reverse direction, or randomly?
A) Electrons flow from NADH to O2 because NADH has the most negative reduction potential and O2 the most positive with electron carriers in between, each becoming more positive to direct the electron flow.
B) Electrons flow from NADH to O2 because NADH has the most positive reduction potential and O2 the most negative with electron carriers in between, each becoming more negative to direct the electron flow.
C) Electrons flow from NADH to O2 because the change in free energy directs the electron flow from the molecule with the most positive reduction potential to the one with the most negative.
D) Electrons flow from NADH to O2 using ATP as a source of energy to drive the flow against their gradient from most negative reduction potential to most positive.

A

A

Cellbio (17 decks)

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