Metabolism

Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

Chemical reactions in the body
Provides energy to maintain homeostasis and perform essential functions like growth and cell division,secretion,contraction and propagation

Question 2

What are the two type of metabolic reactions?

Answer 2

Anabolism and Catabolism

Question 3

What is anabolism?

Answer 3

The synthesis of large molecules from small ones

Question 4

What is catabolism?

Answer 4

The hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones

Question 5

What are the stages of metabolism?

Answer 5

Digestion,absorption and transport to tissues
Cellular processing (synthesis of proteins,lipids and glycogen)
Mitochondrial breakdown of intermediates into CO2,Water and ATP

Question 6

What are the co enzymes that act as hydrogen acceptors?

Answer 6

Nad and Fad

Question 7

How is Atp synthesized?

Answer 7

Substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidative phoshorylation

Question 8

What is substrate level phoshorylation?

Answer 8

High energy phosphate groups are directly transferred from phoshorylated substances to ADP to create Atp and this occurs in goycolysis and the Krebs cycle

Question 9

What is Oxidative Phoshorylation?

Answer 9

The production of ATP from oxidized NADH and FADH2
It’s made up of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Question 10

What is the chemiosmotic process?

Answer 10

Couples the movement of substances across a membrane to chemical reactions

Question 11

How is glucose broken down?

Answer 11

Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron transport chain and Oxidative phoshorylation

Question 12

What happens during glycolysis?

Answer 12

Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvic accid molecules in the cystol

Question 13

What is the Krebs cycle?

Answer 13

It is where the pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrial matrix and the cycle decomposes it to CO2 and during glycolysis and Krebs small amounts of Atp are formed by substrate level phoshorylation

Question 14

What is the electron transport chain?

Answer 14

Where energy rich electrons are picked up by coenzymes and are transferred to the ETC and built onto cristae the chain carries out Oxidative phoshorylation which accounts for most of the ATP that’s generated by cellular respiration

Question 15

What is the Embden Myerhof pathway?

Answer 15

Glycolysis

Question 16

What is hexokinase?

Answer 16

An enzyme that breaks down in the muscle and other tissues

Question 17

What is glucokinase?

Answer 17

An enzyme that breaks down in the liver

Question 18

What is the products produced during glycolysis?

Answer 18

2 Atp
2 pyruvate
2 nADH

Question 19

What are the phases of glycolysis?

Answer 19

Input of ATP
Sugar cleavage
NadH Production
Atp and pyruvic acid production

Question 20

What happens during sugar activation?

Answer 20

Glucose is phosphorylated by 2 Atp to form fructose 1,6 biphosphate

Question 21

What happens during sugar cleavage?

Answer 21

Where fructose 1,6 biphophate is split into 3 Carbon sugars which are
Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
And dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Question 22

What happens during NADH production?

Answer 22

The 3 carbon sugars are oxidized and inorganic phosphate groups are attached to oxidized fragments

Question 23

What happens during atp formation?

Answer 23

4 Atp are formed by substrate level phoshorylation

Question 24

What happens to pryruvic acid if O2 is not readily available?

Answer 24

Converted to lactic acid

Question 25

What happens to pyruvic acid if O2 is readily available?

Answer 25

It enters the aerobic pathway

Question 26

What is Anaerobic respiration?

Answer 26

Where glucose is broken down without o2 forming 2 lactic acid molecules and 2 Atp molecules
Phases are glycolysis and lactic acid formation
Cori cycle

Question 27

What is Aerobic respiration?

Answer 27

Breaking down of glucose in presence of o2 to produce Co2 water and 38Atp
Phases are glycolysis,acetyl CoA formation,citric acid cycle and electron transport chain

Question 28

What is Acetyl CoA formation?

Answer 28

Within the inner compartment enzymes remove a C and 2 O atoms from pryruvic acid to form Co2 and 2 C acetyl group
Nad is reduced to NADH
The acetyl group combines with Coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA

Question 29

What do each pyruvic acid molecule form?

Answer 29

2 Nadh
2 Co2
2 aceytl CoA

Question 30

What is function of the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 30

Removing H atoms from organic molecules and transferring them to coenzymes

Question 31

What is a transitional step that occurs in the mitochondria?

Answer 31

Pyruvic acid reacts with Nad and CoA
Producing 1 Co2,1 Nadh,1 acetyl CoA
It prepares pyruvate from entrance into Krebs cycle

Question 32

What are 3 important events that occur I’m the TCA cycle?

Answer 32

Atp production
NADH and FADH2 production
Co2 production

Question 33

What happens during Oxidative phoshorylation?

Answer 33

A coenzyme removes 2 H atoms from a substrate molecule
Nadh and Fadh2 deliver h atoms to coenzyme in the inner membrane of a mitochondria
Coenzyme Q releases h ions and passes electrons to cytochrome b
Electrons are passed along ETS losing energy in a series of small steps
O2 accepts electrons and combines with H to form water

Question 34

What is the electron transport system?

Answer 34

The respiratory chain
A sequence of proteins(cytochromes)
Which are in the inner membrane if the mitochondria surrounding a pigment complex whi h contains iron or copper

Question 35

Why is Oxidative phoshorylation important?

Answer 35

Requires o2 and electrons
Rate of Atp generation is limited by o2 and electrons
Cells obtain o2 by diffusion from extracellular fluid