Metabolism Flashcards
What is metabolism?
Chemical reactions in the body
Provides energy to maintain homeostasis and perform essential functions like growth and cell division,secretion,contraction and propagation
What are the two type of metabolic reactions?
Anabolism and Catabolism
What is anabolism?
The synthesis of large molecules from small ones
What is catabolism?
The hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones
What are the stages of metabolism?
Digestion,absorption and transport to tissues
Cellular processing (synthesis of proteins,lipids and glycogen)
Mitochondrial breakdown of intermediates into CO2,Water and ATP
What are the co enzymes that act as hydrogen acceptors?
Nad and Fad
How is Atp synthesized?
Substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidative phoshorylation
What is substrate level phoshorylation?
High energy phosphate groups are directly transferred from phoshorylated substances to ADP to create Atp and this occurs in goycolysis and the Krebs cycle
What is Oxidative Phoshorylation?
The production of ATP from oxidized NADH and FADH2
It’s made up of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
What is the chemiosmotic process?
Couples the movement of substances across a membrane to chemical reactions
How is glucose broken down?
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron transport chain and Oxidative phoshorylation
What happens during glycolysis?
Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvic accid molecules in the cystol
What is the Krebs cycle?
It is where the pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrial matrix and the cycle decomposes it to CO2 and during glycolysis and Krebs small amounts of Atp are formed by substrate level phoshorylation
What is the electron transport chain?
Where energy rich electrons are picked up by coenzymes and are transferred to the ETC and built onto cristae the chain carries out Oxidative phoshorylation which accounts for most of the ATP that’s generated by cellular respiration
What is the Embden Myerhof pathway?
Glycolysis
What is hexokinase?
An enzyme that breaks down in the muscle and other tissues
What is glucokinase?
An enzyme that breaks down in the liver
What is the products produced during glycolysis?
2 Atp
2 pyruvate
2 nADH
What are the phases of glycolysis?
Input of ATP
Sugar cleavage
NadH Production
Atp and pyruvic acid production
What happens during sugar activation?
Glucose is phosphorylated by 2 Atp to form fructose 1,6 biphosphate
What happens during sugar cleavage?
Where fructose 1,6 biphophate is split into 3 Carbon sugars which are
Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
And dihydroxyacetone phosphate
What happens during NADH production?
The 3 carbon sugars are oxidized and inorganic phosphate groups are attached to oxidized fragments
What happens during atp formation?
4 Atp are formed by substrate level phoshorylation
What happens to pryruvic acid if O2 is not readily available?
Converted to lactic acid
What happens to pyruvic acid if O2 is readily available?
It enters the aerobic pathway
What is Anaerobic respiration?
Where glucose is broken down without o2 forming 2 lactic acid molecules and 2 Atp molecules
Phases are glycolysis and lactic acid formation
Cori cycle
What is Aerobic respiration?
Breaking down of glucose in presence of o2 to produce Co2 water and 38Atp
Phases are glycolysis,acetyl CoA formation,citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
What is Acetyl CoA formation?
Within the inner compartment enzymes remove a C and 2 O atoms from pryruvic acid to form Co2 and 2 C acetyl group
Nad is reduced to NADH
The acetyl group combines with Coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA
What do each pyruvic acid molecule form?
2 Nadh
2 Co2
2 aceytl CoA
What is function of the Krebs Cycle?
Removing H atoms from organic molecules and transferring them to coenzymes
What is a transitional step that occurs in the mitochondria?
Pyruvic acid reacts with Nad and CoA
Producing 1 Co2,1 Nadh,1 acetyl CoA
It prepares pyruvate from entrance into Krebs cycle
What are 3 important events that occur I’m the TCA cycle?
Atp production
NADH and FADH2 production
Co2 production
What happens during Oxidative phoshorylation?
A coenzyme removes 2 H atoms from a substrate molecule
Nadh and Fadh2 deliver h atoms to coenzyme in the inner membrane of a mitochondria
Coenzyme Q releases h ions and passes electrons to cytochrome b
Electrons are passed along ETS losing energy in a series of small steps
O2 accepts electrons and combines with H to form water
What is the electron transport system?
The respiratory chain
A sequence of proteins(cytochromes)
Which are in the inner membrane if the mitochondria surrounding a pigment complex whi h contains iron or copper
Why is Oxidative phoshorylation important?
Requires o2 and electrons
Rate of Atp generation is limited by o2 and electrons
Cells obtain o2 by diffusion from extracellular fluid
