Anatomy Of The Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the paranasal sinuses?
Frontal
Sphenoid
Maxillary
Ethmoid air cells
What are the cartilage found in the larynx?
Corniculate
Arytenoid
Cricoid
Thyroid
Cuneiform
Epiglottis
What are the muscles of inspiration?
Diaphragm
External intercostals
SCM
Ant post support serratus
Scalene
Levator costarum
What are the expiration muscles?
Abdominals
Internal intercostals
Post inf serratus
Transverse Thoracis
Pyramidal
What is pulmonary ventilation?
The physical movement of air In and out of the resp tract and provides alveolar ventilation
What is the air blood brain barrier(Respiratory Membrane)?
0.5ųm thick air blood barrier
The aveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
The alveolar walls have a single layer of squamous epithelium -type 1 cells
Scattered type 2 cuboidal cells secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
What are the divisions of the centers of the medulla oblongata?
Dorsal respiratory group
Ventral respiratory group
What is the Dorsal Respiratory group?
The inspiration center
Functions in quiet and forced breathing
What is the Ventral Respiratory group?
Inspiration and expiration
Functions only in forced breathing
What are the modes of breathing?
Quiet breathing
Inhalation requires muscles of contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals
And exhalation is passive
Forced Breathing
Inhalation(SCM and scalenes)
Exhalation(Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles)
What happens in forced breathing?
Increased activity of the dorsal respiratory group will stimulate the ventral respiratory group and activates accessory inspiration muscles
After exhalation the expriatory center neurons stimulate active exhalation
What does the Apneustic center do?
Provides continuous stimulation to its DRG center
What are the Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers of the Pons?
They are paired nuclei that adjust output of the respiratory rhythmically centers and Regulate resp rate and depth of respiration
What do the pneumotaxic centers do?
Inhibit the Apneustic centers and promote passive or active exhalation
What is the nasopharynx?
An air passage lined by pseudostratified columnar epilethileum
What is the Orophayrnx?
Passage for food and air and is line with stratified squamous epithelium
What is the larangopharynx?
Food and air passage lined with stratified squamous epithelium
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
What is inspiration reserve volume?
The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal inhalation
What is Expiratiry reserve volume?
The amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal exhalation
What is resididual volume?
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced exhalation
What are Obstructive disorders?
Increased airway resistance
Asthma,COPD,Emphysema and Chronic bronchitis
What are restrictive diseases?
Loos of airway compliance
Cystic fibrosis and Pulmonary fibrosis
How are the right and left lungs different?
The left lung is smaller and is separated by two lobes by an oblique fissure whereas the right lung has 3 lobes separated by the oblique and horizontal fissures
What is surfactant?
A phospholipid produced by alveolar type 2 cells and it lowers surface tension by reducing attractive forces of Hydrogen bonding by becoming interspersed between water molecules
What happens when aveloli radius Decreases?
Surfactants ability to lower surface tension increases
What is surface tension?
The force exerted by fluid in alveoli to resist distension(lungs secrete and absorb fluid which leaves a thin film and this film causes surface tension
What are the Controls of Respiration?
Chemoreceptors -sensitive to PCO2 P02 or PH of blood or CSF
Baroreceptors-in aortic or carotid arteries are sensitive to changes in blood pressure
Stretch receptors -respond to changes in lung volume
Irritating or chemical stimuli in nasal cavity
Other sensations-Pain,temp, abnormal visceral sensations
What is hypercapnia?
Increase in Aterial PCO2
And stimulation of Chemoreceptors in the medulla
And is caused by hypoventilation (Low resp rate allows for CO2 buildup in blood)
What causes hypocapnia?
Hyperventilating and stimulation of Chemoreceptors to decrease resp rate
What are respiratory centers strongly influenced by from?
Cranial nerve IX,X and receptors that monitor CSF
