Metabolism

Question 1

What is Anabolism

Answer 1

the metabolic process that transforms simple substances into complex molecules.
- Think (using the energy of ATP)

Question 2

What is Catabolism

Answer 2

is where complex and large molecules are broken down into small ones.
- Think( synthesize ATP)

Question 3

The central metabolic pathways are

Answer 3

• Glycolysis
• the TCA cycle
• the pentose phosphate pathway

Question 4

How does ATP serve as a carrier of free energy

Answer 4

It has unstable phosphate bonds that are easily broken; cells have enzymes that help break those bonds to release the energy

Question 5

How do enzymes catalyze chemical reactions?

Answer 5

enzymes catalyze by lowering the activtaion energy

Question 6

Explain how precursor molecules are involved in catabolic as well as anabolic pathways.

Answer 6

There are two types of pathways either

• the precursor metabolites can be used to make subunits of macromolecules (anabolic) meaning they cans serve as carbon skeletons biosynthesis.
• Or the precursor metabolites can be oxidized to generate ATP (catabolic)

Question 7

How do cells regulate enzyme activity?

Answer 7

Regulated enzymes are allosteric; when a molecule binds to the allosteric site, the enzyme changes shape, with alters its activity.

Question 8

Why do the electrons carried by FADH2 result in less ATP production than those carried by NADH?

Answer 8

FADH2 has a higher affinity for electrons that NADH does, so the electrons it carries must be transferred to an even higher affinity molecule; it’s electrons are transferred to Complex II of the electron transport chain, which is “downstream” or “downstairs” of Complex I (the complex to which NADH transfers its electrons).

Question 9

Name three food products produced with the aid of fermenting microorganisms.

Answer 9

Many options are possible here, including yogurt, cheese, pickles, kimchee, bread, sausage, chocolate, etc.

Question 10

In photosynthesis, what is encompassed by the term “light reactions”?

Answer 10

Carbon fixation

Question 11

Unlike the cyanobacteria, the anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria do not produce O2. Why not?

Answer 11

They do not strip electrons from water.

Question 12

Unlike the cyanobacteria, the anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria do not produce O2. Why not?

Answer 12

They do not strip electrons from water.

Question 13

What is the role of transamination in amino acid biosynthesis?

Answer 13

The amino group is removed from one amino acid and donated to another, generating a different amino acid.

Question 14

Metabolism involves?

Answer 14

processes that transform energy; cells take energy of one form and convert it into another.

Question 15

Metabolism is?

Answer 15

The sum total of chemical reactions of biosynthesis and energy-havesting

Question 16

Metabolic Pathways can be..?

Answer 16

• linear
• branched
• cyclical

Question 17

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 17

is the main energy currency of cell

Question 18

What id ADP

Answer 18

Molecule that accepts an inorganic phosphate (Pi ) generating ATP.

Question 19

NAD+/NADH is the abbrevietaion for what?

Answer 19

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 20

NADP+/NADPH is the abbreviation for what?

Answer 20

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Question 21

FAD/FADH2 is the abbreviation for what

Answer 21

flavin adenine dinucleotide

Question 22

NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, and FAD/FADH2, are all examples of what?

Answer 22

Electron carriers

Question 23

The 3 key metabolic pathways do what together?

Answer 23

They oxidize glucose to CO2

Question 24

What are the 2 key sets of processes for Catabolism?

Answer 24

• Oxidizing glucose molecules to generate ATP, reducing power ( NADH, FADH^2, NADPH), and precursor metabolites.
• Transferring the electrons carried by NADH AND FADH^2

Question 25

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathways that

Answer 25

That oxidizes glucose to pyruvate, generating ATP and reducing power.

Question 26

The pentose phosphate metabolic pathway does what?

Answer 26

The metabolic pathway that starts the degradation of glucose, generating reducing power in form of NADPH and two precursor metabolites.

Question 27

The Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a part of the metabolic pathways doe what?

Answer 27

The cyclic metabolic pathway that incorporates acetyl-CoA, ultimately generating ATP (or GTP), CO2, and reducing power; also called the Krebs cycle and the citric acid cycle.

Question 28

In fermentation cells?

Answer 28

Break down glucose through glycolysis only, thereby generating pyruvate

Question 29

A cofactor is a

Answer 29

non-protein component required for the activity of some enzymes

Question 30

Examples of cofactors are

Answer 30

Magnesium, zinc, copper, and other trace elements

Question 31

Coenzymes are?

Answer 31

a subset of cofactors; they are loosely attached non-protein organic compounds that help some enzymes transfer certain molecules or electrons from one compound to another.

Question 32

Most enzymes function best at?

Answer 32

low salt concentrations and at pH values slightly above 7

Question 33

Competitive inhibition is when the

Answer 33

Inhibitor binds to the active site of the enzyme, blocking access of the substrate to that site. Competitive inhibitors such as sulfa drugs are used as antibacterial medications.

Question 34

Non-competitive inhibition (by regulatory molecules) is when

Answer 34

Inhibitor changes the shape of the enzyme, so that the substrate can no longer bind the active site. This is a reversible action that cells use to control the activity of allosteric enzymes.

Question 35

Non-competitive inhibition (by enzyme poisons) is when

Answer 35

Inhibitor permanently changes the shape of the enzyme, making the enzyme non-functional. Enzyme poisons such as mercury are used in certain antimicrobial compounds.