Merck Flashcards
Involves a complex series of decisions and depends upon an elaborate array of mental, motor and digestive abilities
Feeding
These animals need to find the right sort of habitat and then find concentrations, or patches of food before they can start looking for particular food items
Wild animals or free-ranging animals
Is the behavior of animals when they are likely to encounter and acquire food for themselves or their offspring
Foraging
Divisions of hunger system
- Perceptual mechanisms - for recognizing food
- Central hunger mechanism - for integrating causal factors for eating and coordinating necessary movements
- Motor mechanisms - for locating and ingesting food
The initiation of feeding behavior can be affected by:
Diurnal rhythms & Social factors
Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in brain can lead to:
Eating by rats or cattle
The rate of ingestion will depend upon:
- Oral mechanisms
- Physical and mechanical properties of the food
- Availability of water
- Nutrient qualities of the food
- Effects of disturbances
The point at which ingestion of a meal ceases will depend on _____ and input to the brain from _____, such as those which signal that the gut is full
Gut size
Sensory receptors
The actual duration of active eating is influenced by:
Food quality & availability
Usual grazing time
Daytime / time of sunrise
Most active grazing season
Spring
When do night grazing occurs
During very hot weather in summer
When is grazing reduced
Winter
Grazing activity of horse in terms of weather
In winter, horses spend most of their time grazing while less time is spent during very warm weather
Why is summer grazing in both cattle and horse reduced?
Fly attacks
What can grazing animals ingest as an alternative to water?
Snow
Water intake of cattle in both winter and warm weather
Twice daily on average (warm weather)
Once daily (winter)
Allows the effective capture of prey that would not be caught by individuals
Pack hunting
First milk
Colostrum
Milk for disease resistance
Colostrum
It is important for form staff to put the calves of older dairy cows on to a teat, preferably within __ of birth as the ability of calves to absorb _____ from colostrum both decline rapidly after birth
3h
Immunoglobulin
System that cows, pigs, or calves wear around their neck to cause a door to open or food to be provided
Transponder
Gate system for dairy cows
Callan-broadbent gate
Plasma glucagon, produced in pancreas, increases during feeding and injection of glucagon can _____
Reduce meal size
- Young animals which are overfed, may become obese adults*
- Animals that are starved early in life, remain thin when adult even if abundant food is present *
Where is the center for mediating thirst located
Hypothalamus
- Animals can compensate for deficiencies and provide for special needs
Mineral deficiencies can lead to:
Pica
The seeking out and eating of objects and materials that are not normally food
Pica
Pica is a notable feature of _____ deficiency in cattle
Phosphorus
The simplest method for avoiding poisons is to avoid eating new food; the desirable behavioral characteristics are: (7)
- Consume only small quantities of new food
- Have a good memory for different food characteristics
- Be able to seek out special foods
- Sample foods while eating staple foods
- Prefer familiar foods
- Prefer foods with small amounts of toxic compounds
- Have a searching strategy
- Grazers also avoid pasture contaminated by their own dung, a behavior that reduces the likelihood of parasite or disease transmission
- The amount of food eaten over a period of several days by a fully grown individual with free access to food is generally just sufficient to maintain body weight
- Chickens in cages synchronized their feeding
- The duration of grazing is much more constant when animals graze in a herd than when grazed individually
Is a behavior that is initiated or increased in rate or frequency by the presence of another individual carrying out that behavior
Social facilitation
In dogs, the presence of other members of a group can lead to individuals consuming __ % more. Food than world occur if they were alone
50%
