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ZOOT 1100 > Animal Breeding & Genetics > Flashcards

Animal Breeding & Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Aims in improving animals by changing their genetic abilities for important traits

A

Animal breeding

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2
Q

Art and science for improvement of an animal

A

Animal breeding

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3
Q

Application of genetic principles for improvement of livestock

A

Animal breeding

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4
Q

Anything that can be recorded or measured on an individual

A

Trait

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5
Q

A distinguishing phenotypic characteristics, typically belonging to an individual

A

Trait

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6
Q

What can be observed or measured on the animal for a certain trait

A

Phenotype

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7
Q

Process whereby animals that are better adapted to their environment have a higher chance to survive and produce more offspring than less adapted animals

A

Natural selection

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8
Q

Process of conversion of I wild animals to domestic use

A

Domestication

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9
Q

2nd domesticated animal

A

Pig

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10
Q

Pre-requisite for domestication (4)

A
  1. Animals should adapt to the type of feed offered by humans
  2. Survive and reproduce in closed quarters of captivity
  3. Naturally calm
  4. Recognize human as their superior
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11
Q

Group of animals of a certain species that has become uniform in performance, appearance, and selection history

A

Breed

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12
Q

Largest group of animals that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

A

Species

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13
Q

Concluded that the individuals that fit best in their environment have the highest chance to survive and reproduce

A

Charles Darwin

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14
Q

Study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity

A

Genetics

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15
Q

2 basic cell types

A

Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic

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16
Q

Fundamental unit of heredity

A

Gene

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17
Q

Multiple forms of gene

A

Alleles

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18
Q

Where are genes located

A

Chromosomes

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19
Q

Carrier of genetic information

A

DNA

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20
Q

Protein coding sequence of gene

A

Exon

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21
Q

Intervening sequence in gene

A

Intron

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22
Q

Unit ot 3 nucleotides in gene

A

Codon

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23
Q

The four bases in gene can form __ different codons

A

64

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24
Q

Position on a chromosome of a given gene

A

Locus

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25
Q

Threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

A

Chromosome

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26
Q

Tightly coiled DNA strand

A

Chromosome

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27
Q

Animals with 60 chromosomes

A

Buffalo
Cattle
Goat

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28
Q

Animals with 38 chromosomes

A

Cat
Pig

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29
Q

3 fundamental events in cell reproduction

A
  1. Genetic information must be copied
  2. Copies of genetic information must be separated from each other
  3. Cell must divide
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30
Q

Process of nuclear division of two daughter cells receive a complement of chromosome identical with the parent cells

A

Mitosis

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31
Q

Condensation of chromosomes, disappearance of the nucleolus, formation of mitotic spindle

A

Prophase

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32
Q

Chromosome arrange in the equatorial plane of the spindle

A

Metaphase

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33
Q

Chromosomes move toward the pole of the spindle

A

Anaphase

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34
Q

The spindle disappears, nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes

A

Telophase

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35
Q

Mendel’S particulate hereditary element

A

Gene

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36
Q

Various forms of a given gene

A

Alleles

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37
Q

The members of a pair of alleles are different

A

Heterozygous

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38
Q

The two alleles are like

A

Homozygous

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39
Q

Genetic constitution of an organism

A

Genotype

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40
Q

Observable properties of an organism

A

Phenotype

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41
Q

The offspring cross between inherently unlike individuals

A

Hybrid

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42
Q

Denoting the generation or generations after the parental generation

A

Filial

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43
Q

Can be seen in hybrids

A

Dominant trait

44
Q

Cannot be seen in hybrids

A

Recessive traits

45
Q

Cross between first-generation offspring of parents who differ in one trait

A

Monohybrid cross

46
Q

Cross between first-generation offspring of parents who differ in two traits

A

Dihybrid cross

47
Q

Useful in determining the dominance of genes

A

Monohybrid cross

48
Q

Useful in studying the assortment of the offspring

A

Dihybrid cross

49
Q

Diagram used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment

A

Punnett square

50
Q

Used to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype

A

Punnett square

51
Q

Tabular summary of possible combinations ot maternal alleles with paternal alleles

A

Punnett square

52
Q

Can be used to determine whether a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous

A

Testcross

53
Q

A cross between a heterozygote and an individual homozygous for the recessive alleles of the genes

A

Testcross

54
Q

Can also be used to determine if two genes are linked or unlinked by mating with a known heterozygote

A

Testcross

55
Q

Cross between a hybrid and an individual with the same genotype as one or the other of its parents

A

Backcross

56
Q

Non-allelic interaction of genes with complementary or inhibitory effects

A

Epistasis

57
Q

Two different alleles in a heterozygote are both fully expressed, resulting in a phenotype that is qualitatively different from those of the homozygote

A

Codominance

58
Q

The product of one allele might either inhibit or enhance the activity of another gene, or a single trait might require the activity of two or more genes

A

Epistasis

59
Q

Simple and direct test of independent assortment

A

Testcross

60
Q

A point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis, and at which crossing over and exchange of genetic material occur between the strands

A

Chiasma

61
Q

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during sexual reproduction

A

Crossing over

62
Q

Science that deals with heredity and variation

A

Animal genetics

63
Q

Used to determine if an animal is a carrier of recessive gene

A

Testcross

64
Q

Can also be used to see if there is linkage

A

Testcross

65
Q

A dominant gene inhibits the expression of its allele

A

Complete dominance / recessiveness

66
Q

A dominant gene cannot totally mask or inhibit the expression of its allele, thus a different phenotype is produced in the heterozygous state

A

Nodominance

67
Q

The heterozygous individuals are preferred or selected compared to homozygous dominant or recessive

A

Overdominance

68
Q

Requires interaction of alleles to produce a phenotype

A

Epistasis

69
Q

Intermediate between the respective homozygote

A

Absence of dominance

70
Q

Intermediate but may be more similar to one than to another

A

Partial dominance

71
Q

Results in 2 recombinant chromatids and 2 non-recombinant chromatids

A

Crossing over

72
Q

Branch of genetics that studies the genetic make-up of groups of individuals and how a group’s genetic composition changes with time

A

Population genetics

73
Q

A proportion or percentage

A

Frequency

74
Q

Mathematical model that evaluates the effect of reproduction on the genotypic and balletic frequencies of a population

A

Hardy-weinberg law

75
Q

Tendency for like individuals to mate

A

Positive assortative mating

76
Q

Tendency for unlike individuals to mate

A

Negative assortative mating

77
Q

Preferential mating between related individuals

A

Inbreeding

78
Q

Mating of unrelated individuals

A

Outcrossing

79
Q

Influence the rate at which one genetic variant increases at the expense of another

A

Mutation

80
Q

Results to influx of genes from other populations

A

Migration / gene flow

81
Q

Develops when a population undergoes drastic reduction in population

A

Genetic bottle neck

82
Q

Establishment of a population by a small number of individual

A

Founder effect

83
Q

One allele or trait is favored over another

A

Directional selection

84
Q

Differences in genotypes among individual members of a population

A

Genetic variance

85
Q

Environmental differences or variation in phenotype that is not inherited

A

Environmental variance

86
Q

The process in which certain individuals in a population are preferred to others for production of the next generation

A

Selection

87
Q

3 selection methods

A

Tandem selection
Independent culling level
Selection index

88
Q

Selection is made for one trait or character at a time until it is improved, then for a second trait and so on

A

Tandem selection

89
Q

A method where minimum standards of performance are established for each trait in the criteria

A

Independent culling level

90
Q

Each character is given a score and scores for all characters being considered are added together. Those with the poorest total scores would be culled

A

Selection index

91
Q

Breeding of individuals that are closely related genetically

A

Inbreeding

92
Q

Attempts to maximize desirable homozygous alleles

A

Line breeding

93
Q

Selective in breeding that produces individuals possesing one or more of the favorable characteristics of their common ancestor

A

Line breeding

94
Q

Mating between animals of different breeds or lines

A

Crossbreeding

95
Q

An interbreeding group of animals within a species with some identifiable common appearance, performance, ancestry, or selection history

A

Breed

96
Q

The performance of a crossbred in one or more traits is better than the average performance of the two parents

A

Heterosis / hybrid vigor

97
Q

Two breeds are crossed and the offspring is used only for production purposes and is not used for breeding

A

Two-way cross (pure-breed cross)

98
Q

Two-way cross females are crossed to a purebred male of a third breed

A

Three-way cross

99
Q

Two-way cross females are crossed to crossbred males of a third and fourth breed

A

Four-way crosses

100
Q

This cross aims to change a population of animals quickly from one breed to another

A

Grading up

101
Q

A group of identical individuals of a particular breed that always produce offspring of the same phenotype when intercrossed

A

Pure breeding

102
Q

3 types of crossbreeding

A

Out-breeding
Inbreeding
Line breeding

103
Q

Mating of animals of the same breed but which have no closer relationship than at least 4 to 6 generation

A

Out-breeding

104
Q

Mating of closely related animals

A

Inbreeding

105
Q

Relationship less intense than inbreeding

A

Line breeding

106
Q

Usually directed towards keeping the offspring related to some highly priced ancestor

A

Line breeding

ZOOT 1100 (16 decks)

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