Animal Nutrition Flashcards
The science of feed preparation and feeding
Animal production
Science of nourishment of animals
Animal nutrition
Food constituents which are released by digestion from their combination in food and absorbed from the digestive tract
Nutrients
3 metabolic functions of nutrients
- To provide raw materials for the synthesis of body tissues and products
- To provide the energy which is needed for body tissue and animal product synthesis
- To regulate and facilitate the metabolism of other nutrients
Food of animals comprising of any naturally occurring ingredient or material fed to animals for the purpose of sustaining growth and development
Feed
A regulated selection of a feed ingredient or mixture of ingredients including water, which is consumed by animals on a prescribed schedule
Diet
Any of the feed items that a mixture is made of
Ingredients
An ingredient or a combination of ingredients added to the basic feed mixture for specific purpose
Additives
A fixed amount of feed for one animal
Ration
Major classes of nutrients
Water
Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Minerals
Vitamins
Factors responsible for efficient animal production
Genetic potential
Nutritional status
Management
provides an animal with the proper amount, proportion, and variety of all the required nutrients
Balanced ration
A single feed mixture which has all of the dietary essentials except water
Complete ration
The gain in weight, produced by one kg or one lb of feed
Feed conversion efficiency
The amount of feed in kg or Ib necessary to produce one kg or Ib of weight gain
Feed conversion ratio
Unit of measurement used for calculating the amount of energy produced by various foods
Calorie
Poor quality feeds containing lesser amount of total digestible nutrients
Forage / roughage
It contains little amount (less than 1%) of crude fiber and more than 60% total digestible nutrient
Concentrate
The most important dietary essential nutrient
Water
Cheapest and most abundant nutrient
Water
An essential constituent of the animal body
Water
An essential part of foodstuff; makes the food soft and palatable
Water
Functions of water
- Regulating body temperature
- absorption and transportation
- Excretion of waste product
- solvent
- maintains acid-base balance
- cushion
4 sources of water
Drinking water
Feed
Metabolic /oxidation water
Bound water
Water produced due to metabolism of nutrients
Metabolic / oxidation water
Water combined with the constituents of protoplasm by either physical or chemical means
Bound water
3 factors affecting water requirement
Environment
Dietary factor
Animal factor
Serve as both structural and reserve material in the plant
Carbohydrates
The carbohydrate present in animal body
Animal starch / glycogen
Called nitrogen free extract and include simple sugar, starch and hemicellulose, which are easily digestible in the body
Soluble carbohydrates
Include hard fibrous substance like crude fiber, cellulose, and lignin
Insoluble carbohydrates
Serve as a major source of energy in animal body
Carbohydrates
Essential components of production, temperature control and proper functioning of the different parts of the animal body
Carbohydrates
Helpful in absorption of Ca an P in younger animals
Carbohydrates
Required for the lubrication of joints
Lipids
Help the secretion of digestive juices in gastrointestinal tract
Carbohydrates
Provide suitable environment for the growth of rumen bacteria and Protozoa
Carbohydrates
Help in peristaltic movement of food
Carbohydrates
Maintain due glucose level of plasma
Carbohydrates
Play a key role in the metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids
Carbohydrates
Component of hemicellulose and gum present in silage
L-arabinoses
Form the main chain in grass hemicellulose
D-xylose
Found naturally in fruits
D-mannose
Constituent of disaccharide lactose
Galactose
Carbohydrates which contain less than ten monosaccharide residues
Sugars
Widely distributed in nature and occurs in most of the plants
Sucrose
Occurs in milk only as a product of mammary gland
Lactose
Produced during the hydrolysis of starch and glycogen by dilute acids or enzymes or during the germination of barley
Maltose
A reducing sugar
Cellobiose
Reserve materials in most plants
Starch
Reserve in the liver and muscles, main carbohydrate storage product in the animal body and plays an essential role in energy metabolism
Glycogen
Intermediate products of the hydrolysis of starch and glycogen
Dextrins
It is glucan and is the most abundant plant constituent; fermented in the rumen by the microbial enzymes and produces volatile fatty acids
Cellulose
Reserve material in roots, stems, leaves, and seeds
Fructosans
Found in peel of citrus fruits, sugar beet pulp
Pectin
Posses gelling properties
Pectinic acid
Major constituent of exoskeleton of insects and Crustacea
Chitin
Plant component; are much less resistant to chemical agents than cellulose
Hemicellulose
May arise as natural exudates from bark and leaves
Gum Arabic
Sulphate polysaccharides; found as constituents of seaweeds and in mammalian tissues
Agar
An anticoagulant I occur in blood, liver, and lung
Heparin
Process glycogen, glucose, galactose, and fructose are broken down to pyruvic acid and lactic acid in the absence of molecular oxygen
Glycolysis
Conversion of the two pyruvic acid molecules into two molecules of acetyl coenzyme A
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
The process of degradation of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate
Glycogenolysis
Are complex organic nitrogenous compounds made up of amino acids
Proteins
Main function is to supply energy to the animal body
Lipids
Form muscles and tissues of the body
Proteins
Form muscles and tissues of the body
Proteins
Help in maintaining the loss of body tissues and muscles
Proteins
Help in the formation of enzymes, hormones, antigen, antibody, digestive juices of the body and regulate body osmotic pressure and acid- base balance
Proteins
Help in the repair of body cello as well as for the production of new cells
Proteins
Provide the basic cellular matrix within which the bone mineral matter is deposited
Proteins
Proteins that are insoluble and very resistant to animal digestive enzymes
Fibrous proteins
Composed of simple protein combined with some non-protein substances as prosthetic group
Conjugated proteins
Reserved source of energy to the animal body
Lipids
Decrease in bone mass
Osteoporosis
Paturient paresis; calcium tetany
Milk fever
Plays an important role in Ca and P metabolism for the formation of bone and teeth
Magnesium
Plays an important role for the neuromuscular activity of the body
Magnesium
Found in the cells; excess in the body interferes with the absorption and metabolism of magnesium
Potassium
Required for the formation of hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice
Chlorine
Useful in blood clotting and endocrine function
Sulfur
Acts as catalyst in the formation of hemoglobin and provides oxygen absorption power to red blood cells
Copper
Necessary for normal pigmentation of hair, fur, wool, and skin
Copper
Necessary for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland
Iodine
Forms the essential part of the enzyme and plays an important role in the synthesis of vitamin B12 in rumen
Cobalt
Important for the proper growth of body and development of hairs and keratinization of epithelial tissues
Zinc
Essential part of insulin hormone; plays an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates
Zinc
Plays a key role in both cell and antibody mediated immune responses
Zinc
Plays important role for the bone development and vital nutrient in the synthesis of chondroitin sulfate which is the organic matrix of the bone
Manganese
Important for normal growth, reproduction, egg production, and for the prevention of perosis among poultry
Manganese
Helps in detoxifying free oxygen radicals
Manganese
Reduces the incidence of dental caries
Fluorine
Essential for the growth and proper development of the bones and teeth
Fluorine
Essential for growth, reproduction, prevention of various disease and protection of the integrity of tissues
Selenium
Essential for prostaglandin synthesis and essential fatty acid metabolism
Selenium
Helpful in the transmission of light stimuli from the eye to the brain
Vitamin A
Reduces oxidation of citric acid
Vitamin D
Numbness of the legs
Beriberi
Poor appetite and polyneuritis which is characterized by nerve degeneration paralysis
Beriberi
A specific symptom caused by peripheral nerve degeneration
Curled toe paralysis
Inflammation of the mouth and the upper part esophagus
Black tongue
Disease characterized by poor growth, poor hair and skin condition, occasional vomiting and diarrhea
Pellagra
Encountered in young birds whose diet is deficient in Mn
Perosis
The factor protective against “egg white injury”
Biotin
Essential in collagen formation
Vitamin C
Aids in the conversion of folic acid
Vitamin C
Process of converting food into the energy that allows body to function
Metabolism
Constructive process in metabolism
Anabolism
Destructive process in metabolism
Catabolism
Study of hormones that regulate metabolism
Metabolic endocrinology
Removal of nitrogen-containing amino groups
Deamination
Reduces the rate of live gluconeogenesis and mobilizing of fatty acid from adipose tissue
Glucocorticoids
Increase in blood ketones
Ketosis
The disease is characterized by poor growth, poor hair and skin condition, occasional vomiting and diarrhea in swine
Pellagra
Nerve disease characterized by movement of hind leg become stiff and jerky, exaggerated legs in swine
Goose stepping
Is encountered in young birds whose diet is deficient in manganese
Perosis or chondrodystrophy
Factor protective against “egg white injury”
Biotin
Can be synthesized in the liver from methionine
Choline
Essential for collagen formation
Vitamin C
