Mental Health- Szasz

Question 1

Classical conditioning

Answer 1

Fear becomes associated with a neutral stimulus

• Pavlov dogs salivate with bell
• little Albert fears rats with loud noise

Question 2

Operant conditioning

Answer 2

Consequences shape behaviour

• positive reinforcement

Explains gambling

• use variable schedule of reinforcement (rewards 3:1)

Question 3

Cognitive explanations for mental illness

Answer 3

Cognitions faulty

Perceiving the situations is faulty rather than the situation itself

Question 4

Cognitive distortion

Answer 4

Inaccurate perception of reality based on their negative views

1. Overgeneralisation- viewing one bad event as proof your whole life is bad
2. Filtering- only looking at negative and not positive
3. Catastrophisation- fearing a situation will be worse than it is
4. Dichotomous reasoning- all or nothing thinking

Question 5

According to Beck where does cognitive distortion come from?

Answer 5

• trauma in childhood becomes part of a schema
• triggered again by adverse life effects
• believe underlying assumptions

Question 6

Cognitive triad

Answer 6

1. -ve views world
2. -ve view yourself
3. -ve views future

Question 7

What is cognitive behavioural therapy?

Answer 7

• therapy once a week for 20 weeks
• helps try to change irrational thoughts

1. Re- establish activity levels
2. Re- establish social life
3. Challenge-ve thinking
4. How to spot depression reoccurring

Collaboration is key. Patient will agree on what the patient wants to change

Question 8

What is the hydraulic model

Answer 8

Mental energy behaves in a similar way to physical energy

Cant be destroyed only transferred

Trauma and the inability to express yourself results in a mental episode where your mind “explodes”

Question 9

Freud’s view of sexual trauma

Answer 9

Seduction theory

Childhood sexual abuse causes psychological problems

Anna O whose deafness stemmed from hearing her parents having sex

Sexual abuse to sexual fantasy. Psychological problems stem not from the abuse but from suppressing desires for the abuser

Question 10

Freud’s theory for depression

Answer 10

Linked to rejection from parents and parents dying

Adult mourning includes anger. The same anger is important for child sense of loss

Anger cant be expressed as a child due to love. So this hate turns towards self loathing and guilt

Question 11

Psychodynamic explanation for schizophrenia

Answer 11

Schizophrenogenic mother- a mum that is cold and domineering in attitude means kids more likely to develop schizophrenia.

Schizophrenogenic is a factor that causes schizophrenia.

Question 12

Psychodynamic therapies

Answer 12

Psychoanalytic psychotherapy is 1-3 times per week for 1-5 years.

No attempt to teach better behaviour.

Links past behaviours to todays symptoms

1. Abreaction (recalling past experiences)
2. Catharsis (removing association)

Question 13

Aim Szasz

Answer 13

Discusses myths MI

Question 14

Design

Answer 14

Review article

Question 15

Changes in 50 years

Answer 15

1. Overlap in voluntary/ involuntary confinement
2. Biological treatment
   the only recommended treatment
3. More government now

Question 16

Legal or medical

Answer 16

1. Medical concepts false
2. Laws to detain people for treatment. Dont get that for biological
3. Political saying its physicals when its not

Question 17

Mental illness as a metaphor

Answer 17

1. Having a MI doesn’t make you a patient

2. Subjective

Question 18

Conclusions

Answer 18

Metaphor

Dehumanised care by politics

Reducing freedom

Question 19

Ethics

Answer 19

• data for study not directly from ptts

- socially sensitive

Question 20

Usefulness

Answer 20

• improved quality of life for patients receiving care
• psychodynamic theories help people proving the relevance of hydraulic model
• NICE said it CBT most effective for dealing with severe depression