Criminal- Raine

Question 1

Non- physiological explanations

Answer 1

Social learning theory
ARRM

Operant conditioning
Learning by association

Vicarious reinforcement
Learning by rewards

Question 2

Jahonda

Answer 2

Cultural expectations and self- fulfilling prophecy

“Wednesday children are aggressive” meant that there’s a 20% crime rate with them

“Monday children are calm” had a 7% crime rate

Question 3

How do operant conditioning and Eron link?

Answer 3

More TV means a higher aggression.

A self- fulfilling prophecy

Increased recidivism which they can’t reduce

Question 4

Lombroso

Answer 4

Crime is genetic. Evolutional therefore certain facial features mean more likely to be criminal

Large ears
Sloping jaw
Big lips
Big forehead

Question 5

Sheldon

Answer 5

Ectomorph= thin
Endomorph= fat
Mesomorph= muscly and fit therefore more likely to be criminal

However fit doesn’t mean more likely to be criminal. Fit so can get away with crime. Also fat and thin people may do other crimes

Question 6

Jacobs

Answer 6

XXY more feminine so less criminal

XYY less feminine more criminal

Question 7

Mednick

Answer 7

Adoption studies

BP and AP both criminal 24.5% child will too

AP only crime then 14.7% kids have a record

BP only crime then 20% kids will turn to crime

Genetics and environmental

Question 8

Twin studies

Answer 8

MZT- 100% genes
DZT- 50% genes

Both had same level of crime though

More environmental than we first thought

Question 9

Application

Answer 9

Lewiston

SFP beautiful princess no crime ugly prince more crime. All thats beautiful is good

Surgery with 450 prisoners

Improved cooperation and wanting to do things like sport. Less recidivism.

Question 10

Aim

Answer 10

Murderers vs non- murderers brains.

Using PET scans

Positron emission tomography

Question 11

Sample

Answer 11

41 murderers

Matched pairs

6 murderers schizophrenic

All pleaded NGRI and lost

Question 12

Design

Answer 12

Quasi

Lab

IV- murderers or nah.
DV- PET scan

Question 13

Method

Answer 13

1. Ptts meds free 2 weeks beforehand
2. Glucose tracer of flourodeoxyglucose
3. Continuous performance task
4. Did a mock one beforehand so results bot a novelty factor
5. PET scan of 6 cortical areas and 8 sub- cortical areas. Lateral and medial scan view

Question 14

Results

Answer 14

Cortical:
• PFC, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes

NGRIs had lower activity in PFC and parietal. Higher activity in occipital and no change in temporal.

Sub- cortical:
• corpus callosum, amygdala, hippocampus and thalamus.

NGRIs had lower activity in CC. Misbalance in LH and RH. Lower activity in amygdala, and hippocampus

Question 15

Conclusions

Answer 15

PFC responsible for impulsiveness

Amygdala responsible for lack of fear and aggression