Mental health stigma Flashcards
What is mental health related stigma and discrimination?
Co-occurrence of labelling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, and discrimination in a context in which power is exercised.
Sociological definition by Link B and Phelan J (2001)
What are the three components of stigma as defined by Thornicroft and others?
Problems of:
* knowledge (ignorance or misinformation)
* attitudes (prejudice)
* behaviour (discrimination)
Public health definition
What does the cycle of oppression involve?
Labelling, stereotyping, emotional reactions, separation, status loss, discrimination
F. Otitoju’s framework
What are the FREDA principles fundamental to the Human Rights Act?
- Fairness
- Respect
- Equality
- Dignity
- Autonomy
These rights belong to all humans all of the time.
What are the five themes identified in lay terms used by 13-14 year olds regarding mental health?
- Popular derogatory terms (116 items)
- Negative emotional state (61 items)
- Confusion between physical disabilities, learning difficulties, and mental health problems (38 items)
- Psychiatric diagnoses (15 items)
- Terms related to violence (9 items)
Rose et al 2007
What is the Misuse of diagnosis according to Dr. Paul Appelbaum?
Diagnosis without full assessment is likely to be wrong, harmful, and discourage people from seeking psychiatric treatment.
Appelbaum’s statement on diagnosis practices
What percentage of service users anticipate discrimination in at least one area of life?
92.6%
Farrelly et al study
Fill in the blank: The commonest sources of discrimination are _______.
friends, family, neighbours, health professionals, employers
Common contacts in discrimination experiences
What are the top three discrimination life areas identified in 2008 and 2014?
- Being shunned
- Friends
- Family
Viewpoint survey of mental health service users
What are the structural measures of stigma?
Discriminatory policies, disparities with physical health care, or policies such as insurance coverage
Structural discrimination measures
What is diagnostic overshadowing?
When mental health issues are overlooked in favor of physical health conditions.
Common issue in mental health care
What are the key conditions for effective contact-based education interventions?
Conditions include mutual respect, shared experiences, and equal status between participants.
Important for reducing stigma
True or False: Stigma can only come from the general public.
False
People with lived experience can also stigmatize.
What are some impacts of anticipated discrimination on individuals?
Withdrawal, ‘why try’ effect, and concealment of mental health issues.
Responses to anticipated discrimination
What types of negative behaviours do friends exhibit towards individuals with mental health conditions?
- Shying away
- Turning their backs
- Reacting badly to the condition
- Being more distant
Common behaviours impacting mental health support
What are the effects of stigma on welfare benefits for individuals with mental health conditions?
- Rigid systems
- Detrimental decisions
- Lack of understanding among benefits staff
- Perceived stigma
Systemic issues related to mental health welfare
What is the role of public health campaigns in stigma reduction?
To improve knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours regarding mental health.
Essential for population level stigma reduction
What is self-stigma?
The internalization of negative stereotypes and attitudes about one’s own mental health condition.
Can lead to decreased self-esteem and increased isolation
What is the impact of professionals’ stigma on mental health care?
Leads to stereotypes, clinical fallacies, and inadequate treatment.
Stereotypes learned early can persist into medical training
What does therapeutic pessimism refer to?
A belief that treatments for mental health conditions are ineffective.
Contributes to stigma among healthcare professionals
What are some interventions to address self-stigma?
- Education
- Psychoeducation
- Cognitive techniques
- Skills training
Various methods to combat self-stigma
What is the significance of the term ‘diagnostic overshadowing’ in mental health care?
It refers to the phenomenon where mental health conditions are overlooked due to the presence of physical health issues.
Can lead to inadequate treatment and increased suffering
What is Photovoice?
A participatory research method that uses photography to capture and communicate personal experiences and perspectives.
Developed by Russinova in 2015.
What is narrative enhancement and cognitive therapy?
A therapeutic approach aimed at reducing self-stigma by enhancing personal narratives and cognitive restructuring.
Referenced by Hansson in 2017.
What is contact-based education?
An educational approach that involves direct interaction between different groups to reduce stigma.
Discussed by Thornicroft in 2015.
What is the significance of collaboration in contact-based education?
Working together on a common goal increases understanding and reduces prejudice.
Key condition for effective contact.
What is stereotype disconfirmation?
The process of challenging and disproving common stereotypes about a group through direct contact.
Important for reducing stigma.
What does equalisation of power differential refer to?
Creating an equal status between groups to facilitate meaningful interaction and understanding.
A key condition for effective contact.
How does contact-based education increase empathy?
By allowing individuals to engage directly with others, fostering understanding and emotional connection.
A primary mechanism of how contact works.
What role does knowledge play in reducing stigma?
Increases understanding of mental illness, contributing factors, and treatment options, thus reducing misconceptions.
Overlap with educational approaches.
Fill in the blank: Direct contact in contact-based education can be through _______.
face to face.
What is indirect contact in the context of contact-based education?
Exposure to others through media, films, or virtual experiences rather than direct interaction.
Includes parasocial interactions.
What is extended contact?
Knowing someone who has contact with another group, which can help reduce prejudice.
Important for increasing empathy.
How can discussing the impact of stigma be approached?
By focusing on recovery journeys without blaming individuals for their experiences.
A strategy to foster understanding.
What should be avoided when discussing mental health issues?
Talking about biological differences or extreme trauma, as it may increase social distance.
Important for effective communication.
True or False: Stigma is a simple issue that can be easily addressed.
False.
What are interventions targeting stigma required to consider?
Understanding the target group and utilizing evidence-based practices.
Critical for effective interventions.
What is the relationship between structural discrimination and contact-based education?
Addressing structural discrimination is essential and should not be overlooked in contact-based education.
Highlighted in the summary.
Explain the different interventions for different types of stigma
Stigma can include 1. psychoeducation
2. Cognitive therapy (wood 2018)
Interpersonal stigma can include
- Contact based education (Thornicroft 2015)
- Education for multiple target groups (Gronhom 2017)
- Psychoeducation for carers.
In what ways does contact help?
It increases empathy and knowledge and reduces anxiety
What are the different type types of contact?
- Direct.
- Para social or indirect.
- Vicarious.
- Extended such as knowing someone who knows someone in another group even if you don’t.
