Epidemiology environment and ethnicity Flashcards
What is epidemiology?
The study of the distribution and determinants of states of health in populations.
Define prevalence in epidemiology.
Total number of cases in a given population, at a given point or over a specific period.
What is the lifetime prevalence of psychosis?
Approximately 3%.
Define incidence in epidemiology.
The rate of new cases in a given population over a specific period.
What is the incidence of psychosis?
About 20-30 cases per 100,000 per year.
What are key symptoms of psychoses?
- Thought Disorder
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
- Negative Symptoms
What is a thought disorder?
Incoherence in thinking.
What are delusions?
False beliefs, such as persecution.
What are hallucinations?
Perceptions without external stimuli, e.g., hearing voices.
What are negative symptoms in psychosis?
Reduced emotional expression or motivation.
List types of psychotic disorders.
- Schizophrenia
- Manic Psychosis
- Depressive Psychosis
- Brief Reactive Psychosis
What is the average age of onset for psychosis?
Approximately 30 years.
What percentage of individuals with psychosis sustain long-term employment?
Fewer than 20%.
What is the economic burden of schizophrenia in the UK?
Costs exceed €7 billion annually.
How is psychosis viewed in terms of frequency and severity?
On a continuum based on frequency, severity, and persistence.
What percentage of the population is affected by psychotic disorders?
Approximately 3%.
What percentage of the population experiences psychotic experiences?
Approximately 10%.
What did the WHO DoSMED Study find about rates of psychosis?
Rates vary across locations.
What were the incidence rates of psychosis in Aarhus and Chandigarh?
Aarhus (46/100,000) vs. Chandigarh (38/100,000).
What does the EUGEI Study reveal about incidence rates?
Rates are 2x higher among migrant and minority populations.
What are significant childhood adversities linked to psychosis?
- Parental Death (OR = 1.7)
- Physical Abuse (OR = 3.0)
- Bullying (OR = 2.4)
What is the adjusted odds ratio for psychosis with one adversity?
1.46.
What is the adjusted odds ratio for psychosis with five adversities?
4.70.
What are key adult adversities linked to psychosis?
- Life Events (OR = 6.73)
- Discrimination (verbal OR = 2.86; physical OR = 4.77)
What is the odds ratio for psychosis in unexposed individuals?
1.29.
What is the combined odds ratio for individuals exposed to both childhood adversity and adult life events?
3.01.
What are the course types of psychosis?
- Episodic
- Continuous
Which population shows higher rates of continuous psychosis?
Black Caribbean populations compared to White British populations.
What factors influence treatment response in psychosis?
Early intervention and addressing social determinants.
True or False: Psychosis rates and symptoms are uniform across different geographies.
False.
What contributes to psychosis according to the summary?
Multiple pathways, including childhood adversity and adult life events.
What can improve outcomes for psychosis?
Addressing social determinants.
What percentage of those living with schizophrenia have employment which is long-term term?
Fewer than 20%
What are symptoms of schizophrenia?
Hallucinations, delusions fought disorder, speech disorganised and negative symptoms
How many years earlier people with schizophrenia likely to die?
20 years earlier than the general population
What did the who EU-GEI study find?
Incident rates are two times higher amongst migrant and minority populations for psychosis
Childhood adversity such as parental death, physical abuse of bullying increased the rates of psychosis and this increase was cumulative so the more adversity the more likely
Stressful life events increase the risk of psychosis such as racial discrimination
Urban city increase the risk of psychosis
Cannabis use increase the risk of psychosis
What did the intrepid studies find?
They were both episodic symptoms which come and go for psychosis and continuous symptoms without remission
Psychosis rates were higher amongst black Caribbean compared to white British population
Addressing social determinant early intervention impacted rates of psychosis
Potential criticism to non-white individuals having more psychosis episodes, what was found
Morgan 2017 found that actually white British had higher rates of continuous episodes of psychosis compared to black Caribbean and black Africans therefore showing how it’s potentially diagnosed is wrong
