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Anatomy 105 > MENINGES/HYPOTHALAMUS AND BLOOD > Flashcards

MENINGES/HYPOTHALAMUS AND BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meninges

A

A membrane that goes around the brain and spinal cord. For protection. Has 3 layers

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2
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges

A

Dura Mater- Tough Layer w blood vessels. Outermost layer
Space Subdural space
Arachnoid Mater- Intermediate layer. Thin. Branched like web. No blood vessels
Space Subarachnoid Space
Pia Mater- The inner most layer. Tightly attached to CNS

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3
Q

What is the name of infected meninges

A

Meningitis. Common in pia mater. Viral is more common. Not dangerous or contagious
However, BACTERIAL MENINGITIS is very dangerous and contagious

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4
Q

What is CSF

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid. Comes from Choroid Plexus (blood capillaries)
gets absorbed by arachnoid villi
Mostly water, glucose, proteins, electrolytes and a few WBCs

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5
Q

What is the function of CSF

A

Provides nutrients and electrolytes to CNS. (Brain runs on glucose)
Removes waste
Cushioning for CNS

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6
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A

PArt of the diencephalon, below the thalamus
Its function is to release hormones, control some emotion, and homeostasis

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7
Q

What kind of hormones does the hypothalamus release

A

Releasing Hormones (RH): Stimulates the pituitary gland
Inhibiting Hormones (IH): Stops the pituitary gland

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8
Q

How does the hypothalamus control homeostasis?

A

Controls blood sugar, water and electrolytes, body temperature, sleep and wakefulness, BP along with medulla oblongata

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9
Q

The master MASTER gland

A

Hypothalamus

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10
Q

What is the function of blood

A

Transportation of nutrients, waste, hormones, and body heat

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11
Q

What is the temp of blood

A

100.4 degrees F or 38 degrees C

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12
Q

Characteristics of blood

A

Sticky and opaque fluid
Heavier and thicker than h20
Higher viscosity than h2o
Bright red if oxygenated
Dull Red or purple if low O2
Metallic and salty taste due to iron and electrolytes
pH: 7.35-7.45

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13
Q

Is blood a solution or suspension

A

Suspension. Will not dissolve in water

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14
Q

What are the solid parts of blood

A

Formed elements, 45% of blood
RBC’s, WBC’s, and PLT’s

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15
Q

What is the liquid part of blood

A

Plasma (51% of blood)
Mostly water , 91%
Proteins 7%
Other substances such as nutrients, waste, electrolytes, enzymes, hormones, gases (2%)

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16
Q

What forms when blood is centrifuged?

A

Buffy Coat. Forms on top of Hematocrit/RBC’s

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17
Q

What is hematocrit

A

% of RBC’s in blood

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18
Q

What do RBC/ erythrocytes look like? Do they have a nucleus? where are they produced and what is their lifespan?

A

Biconcaved discs for increased surface
No nucleus
Produced in RBM
Lifespan: 120 days

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19
Q

What happens to old or dead RBCs

A

Will be removed by spleen and liver

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20
Q

RBC’s contain _______

A

Hemoglobin

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21
Q

What does hemoglobin do

A

Transports O2 and small amount of CO2, each molecule of hemoglobin transports 4 molecules of O2

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22
Q

Each RBC has _______ hemoglobin

A

250 million, resulting in 1 billion molecules of O2 in 1 RBC

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23
Q

What is the function of RBC

A

O2 and CO2 transportation

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24
Q

What is the number of RBC’s in the average person

A

4-6 million/ mm cubed of blood. (one droplet of blood)

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25
RBC's get ______ after 120 days by liver and spleen
recycled
26
The number of RBC's depends on _________
Oxygen Availability
27
Oxygen Availability is dependent on ________
Elevation and Altitude
28
The ______ the elevation means the ______ the O2 results in ______ RBC's
Higher; the lower, MORE RBC's
29
More O2, and lower elevation means:
Lower RBC count
30
High elevation -> Blood O2 drops -> goes to liver and kidneys -> _________ is released in blood
Erythropoetin
31
What does erythropoetin do
Stimulates RBM to make more erythrocytes
32
What are the ingredients to make Red Blood Cells
Iron Folic Acid Vitamin B12 Intrinsic Factor --> Released by stomach--> to help vitamin b12 absorption
33
What is the difference between anemia and polycythemia
Anemia: Low Hematocrits/ RBC's Polycythemia: High Hematocrit/ RBC's
34
What is a leukocyte
White Blood Cell
35
What are the characteristics of WBCs
Has nucleus Created in RBM Lifespan: Few days- few months Have NO hemoglobin
36
What is the function of WBCs
Fight off infection Fight with disorders Promote inflammation
37
What are the types of WBCs
Two categories : Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
38
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Acronym to remember the types of RBC's Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils
39
Neutrophils:
Make 40-70% of WBC's, Most abundant Front line, Phagocytosis of infection, Diapedisis (can leave wall of blood vessel to go deal w infections in body)
40
What do eosinophils do
1-4% of WBCs Fight parasites (helminths/worms) Release antihistamine during allergic reaction
41
Basophils:
In infection, they used diapedisis to leave the blood vessels, they enter tissues and become Mast Cells
42
What do mast cells do
They release heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (Vasodilator)
43
Lymphocytes:
Have vital role in IMMUNITY 20-45% of WBCs. B cells and T cells
44
B cells make ______ and these ______ attack microorganisms
Antibodies
45
T cells ____ ________ microorganisms
directly kill/attack
46
Monocytes:
4-8% of WBC's. In infection they leave through diapedisis. Get larger and then are called macrophages
47
Which WBC fights parasites
Eosinophils
48
Which WBC turns to mast cells
Basophils
49
Which WBC has a role in immunity
Lymphocytes
50
Which WBC turns into a macrophage
Moncytes
51
Total number of WBCs per cubed mm
5k-10k per mm cubed
52
What are the percentages of formed elements, hemoglobin and hematocrit in the blood?
Formed Elements: 45% Hematocrit : 36-50% Hemoglobin: ???
53
54
Cell fragments, also known as thrombocyctes that are positively charged
Platelets
55
What is the function of platelets
To form blood clots
56
Are thrombocytes also created in red bone marrow
Yes
57
Platelets mothers
Megakaryocytes
58
Number of platelets
150,000-450,000 / mm cubed
59
What is plasma
91% water 7% proteins 2% other substances such as electrolytes
60
What are the different types of plasma proteins
Albumin Globulin Fibrinogen Prothrombin
61
Which plasma protein is the most abundant?
Albumin 60% OF PLASMA 1.CREATES OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN PLASMA, KEEPS WATER INSIDE BLOOD. PREVENT EDEMA 2) BLOOD BUFFER: KEEPS BLOOD PH 7.35-7.45
62
36% OF PLASMA PROTEIN. ALPHA-GLOBULIN (a) BETA GLOBULINS (B), GAMA (8) "A"AND" B: TRANSPORTATION OF LIPIDS IN THE BLOOD Gamma Globulins "": THE SAME AS ANTIBODLES. USED TO fight DISORDERS, FACTORY: B LYMPHOCYTES *
Globulin
63
The 4% of protein that are inactive until they get activated and participate in blood clot formation
Fibrinogen And Prothrombin
64
Globulins, except Gamma, come from the liver. True or false
True
65
What is hemostasis?
Process to stop bleeding
66
What are the steps of hemostasis in order?
Vascular Spasm- decreases bleeding, constricts vessels Platelet clot formation- + charged PLTs form "plug" and stick together on the wall of the vessel (negatively charged wall) Blood Clot Formation- The goal is to make fibrin and make platelet clot stronger. To begin PLT clot releases platelet factor. Damaged walls of vessel make and release thromboplastin, which in turn activates prothrombin. Fibrin deposited on clot and blood clot is achieved
67
Prothrombin is activated by ______
Thromboplastin, which is made and released by the walls of the damaged blood vessels
68
What are the chemicals in blood when a normal person is NOT bleeding
Procoagulant: Promotes blood clot, prothrombin and fibrinogen are inactive Anticoagulant: Stops blood clots, t-PA is active in the blood
69
What is T-PA and what does it do
Tissue plasminogen Activator Stops blood clots from forming in a normal person that is not bleeding

Anatomy 105 (14 decks)

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