Nerve Cells Flashcards
What are the classifications for the nervous system
Structures
Activities
What is the CNS
Central Nervous system. Consisting of brain and spinal cord
What is the PNS
Peripheral nervous system. Nerves that are based off of origin.
Where do nerves originate from
The brain or the spinal cord
What are cranial nerves
Nerves from the brain. There are 12 pairs
What are spinal nerves
Nerves from the spinal cord. There are 31 pairs
What are the types of FUNCTIONAL classifications of nerves
Sensory nerves/ Afferent nerves
Interneurons
Motor Neurons/ Efferent nerves
What do sensory/afferent nerves do
They take nerve impulses from all over the body, UP to the CNS (brain/spinal cord)
Where are interneurons located
They are located in between sensory and motor nerves. They are entirely INSIDE the CNS. Sensory -> motor
Motor Neurons take impulses ______ the CNS and to _______
From; muscles or glands
How many types of motor neurons are there
2 types. Somatic and Autonomic
This system’s function is voluntary and goes to the skeletal muscles
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
This system’s function is involuntary, it goes to the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and all glands
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
What are the two branches of the ANS
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Aroused by the body, For emergencies, Fight or flight, Shuts down digestive and urinary systems, HR goes up, Adrenaline is released, dry mouth, etc
Sympathetic NS
This system calms the body, Stimulates digestive and urinary system, Brings HR down, Hydrates mouth, and is used the most daily
Parasympathetic NS
What is the name of the neurons found INSIDE the CNS?
Interneurons
How many cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
What is nerve tissue composed of
Neurons and Glial cells
The main cells of the NS that can make and conduct nerve impulses
Neurons
What are neuroglial/glial cells
They support, protect and connect. They cannot make or conduct nerve impulses
What are the types of classifications for Glial cells
Schwann Cells
Oligodendocytes
Microgial cells
Astrocytes
Ependymal Cells
Satellite cells
What is the function of myelin
Increases speed of nerve impulse
Which system contains Schwann cells, CNS or PNS?
PNS
The glial cells that make myelin around the nerves in the PNS
SCHWANN cells
Glial cells that make myelin around the nerves IN THE CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Microglial cells function
Protection of the nervous system by PHAGOCYTOSIS
Star shaped cell that wraps around the brain capillaries and makes Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) for protection
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells:
Line fluid filled cavities in the CNS. Have cilia.
Cells that go around the neurons body for protection
Satellite cells
What are the components of the neuron cell
Dendrites, Body/Soma, Axon, and Axon terminals
What are dendrites:
Short, branched extensions with any quantity
Body / Soma of a neuron:
Contains nucleus, mitochondria etc
What is the neurons axon
Long, only one axon with 3 axon terminals
What is the direction of travel for ALL impulses in a neuron
Received at the dendrites -> body -> axon
Cannot travel any other direction
What is neurilemma
Plasma membrane of schwann cells
What is myelin
White chemical inside schwann cell, fat, makes impulses faster
What are the Nodes of Ranvier
The space in between Schwann cells. Nerve impulses “jump” in between nodes to travel faster
Can Nerves with neurilemma regenerate?
Yes
Do nerves actually make contact with each other?
NO, Communication is allowed by the synapse
What is the synapse
The space between neurons that allows communications
_______ are released by axon terminals that then stick to dendrites to possibly stimulate the next neuron
Neurotransmitters
How many neurotransmitter types are there
- Stimulatory
- Inhibitory
“Green lights” for nerve impulses that let the nerve pass
Stimulatory neurotransmitters
“Red Lights” that stop nerve impulses from passing
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
What are the two types of Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
Enkephalines
Endorphines
They both stop nerve impulses associated with pain. “Natural Pain killers”
What is the disease involving a lack of dopamine in the body
Parkinson’s disease
What type of neurotransmitter are endorphins
Inhibitory
What are the compartments of the brain?
- Cerebrum/Cerebral cortex
- Cerebellum
- Dienchephalon
- Brainstem
What are the three parts of the brain stem
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
What is the cerebrum responsible for
It is the largest portion of the brain, it is responsible for all VOLUNTARY function
What does the cerebellum do
It is the second largest portion of the brain located posteriorly. It is responsible for balance, coordination and posture
What is the “core” of the brain
Diencephalon, Contains the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
Brainstem components are
3 parts:
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
What does the midbrain do
Responsible for reflex movement of head and neck to sound stimulus
What is involved in the DEPTH and RATE of breathing
Pons
Lowest part of the brain that has 3 centers known as the “vital center of the brain”
Medulla oblongata
What are the three centers of the medulla oblongata
Cardiac Center: Controls HR and rythym
Respiratory Control Center: Inspiration and Exhalation
Vasomotor Center: Adjusts diameter of blood vessels, controls BP
What is the grey matter of the cerebrum?
Unmyelinated Grey surface of the cerebrum
What is the white matter of the cerebrum
White core, Myelinated portion of the cerebrum
Name for the crack/crevice down the middle of the cerebrum
Sagittal/Longitudinal fissure.
Creates a left and right hemisphere of cerebrum
Commonly, what is the most dominant hemisphere?
The left hemisphere. It controls verbal communication and analysis
What does the right hemisphere control?
Nonverbal communications, emotions, and artistic ability
Explain how the cerebrum works contralaterally?
Right side controls the left and vice versa
How many lobes are there in the cerebrum?
8 Lobes (4 pairs)
Frontal lobes
Parietal Lobes
Temporal Lobes
Occipital Lobes
What are each lobes responsible for?
Frontal: computer of the brain, thinking, personality, speech, motor planning etc
Parietal: skin sensors, reading, writing, math
Temporal: Memory, hearing, emotion, learning
Occipital: Vision and depth perception
What does the corpus callesum do
Allows/makes communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. “A Bridge of nerves”
