The Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the parts of the skeletal system
Bones, Joints, Cartilages and Ligaments
What are ligaments
Cord-like structures that connect bone to bone
What are the two subdivisions of the skeletal system?
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Bones
Head (Cephalic), Thoracic Cage, Vertebral column, and associated bones are part of
Axial Skeleton
Arms, Shoulders, Legs, Hips and Pelvis are part of what skeletal subdivision
Appendicular Bones
Functions of the bones
Support the body (Framework), Protection of vital organs, Allow movement thanks to muscular attachment, Storage of minerals, and makes blood cell formation. (Red bone marrow)
How many bones in the human body
206
How are bones classified
Density and Shape
What are the two types of densities
Compact Bones
Spongey Bones
Dense Smooth and Homogenous bones
Compact
Sponge shaped, “rooms” inside, contain red bone marrow, and Trabeculae (small needle like pieces)
Spongey Bones
What are the types of shapes of bones
Long Bones
Short Bones
Irregular Bones
Flat Bones
Round Bones
Longest bone in the body
Femur
Cluster of bones. You have 8 carpal bones in your wrist and 7 tarsal bones in your ankle. What kind are they
Short Bones
Irregular bones
Vertebral Column bones
Flat Bones
Sternum, Ribs
Round Bones
Also called sesamoid bones, Patella
What is the gross anatomy of a long bone
Proximal Epiphysis
Epiphyseal Line
Diaphysis
Distal Epiphysis
Endosteum and Periosteum
What is on the exterior of the epiphysis’ that allows for connection to other cartilage
Articular Cartilage
What does the epiphysis contain
Spongey bone with Red Bone Marrow
What does the Diaphysis contain
Compact bone containing medullary cavity with yellow bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow is located in the _____ of the _______
Medullary cavity; diaphysis
What lines the medullary cavity
Endosteum
What lines the Long bone
Periosteum
Another name for the diaphysis
Shaft
What is the difference between epiphyseal plate and the epiphyseal line?
The plate is found in immature bones that have not reached their largest point. It is composed of hyaline cartilage, showing signs of future growth
The line is a sign of a mature bone. The bone will not grow any longer
Bone making cells that shift calcium from the blood to the bone
Osteoblasts
Bone REMOVING cells. They shift calcium from bones to the blood
Osteoclasts
Basic Structural and functional unit of a compact bone
Osteon
Central Canal of an osteon
Filled with small arteries, nerves, and small veins
Passageways for nutrients in bone cells
Canaliculi
Rooms inside of an osteon
Lacuna
Where are osteocytes located?
Inside of the lacuna
Each ring found around a central canal of an osteon
Lamella
How many cranial bones are there for brain protection
8 bones
Frontal bone: Forehead
Parietal bone: 2 on top of the head
Temporal bones: 2 on sides of head
Occipital: back of head
Ethmoid and sphenoid: floor of the skull
What is the foramen magnum?
Passageway for spinal bone. Biggest foramen in the body
Bones on the side of the head?
Temporal bones, styloid process, mastoid process and external auditory canal/meatus
Sphenoid contains which “saddle”?
Turkish saddle. Butterfly bone. Contains sella turcica which contains the pituitary gland
How many facial bones are there?
14 bones
What are the facial bones
Nasal bones (2)
Maxillary bones (2) upper jaw
Zygomatic bones (2) cheek/malar
Lacrimal bones (2) inner corner of eye
Palatine bones(2) roof of mouth
Vomer bone (1) nasal septum
Inferior nasal conchae (2) inside nose
Mandible (1) lower jaw
Bones of the upper jaw
Maxillary
Roof of the mouth bones
Palatine
Inner corner of the eye bones
Lacrimal bones
Cheek bones
Zygomatic/Malar bones
Small bones in the nose
Nasal bones
Nasal SEPTUM bone
Vomer bone
Bones INSIDE the nose
Inferior Nasal Conchae bones
Only facial bone that moves
Mandible, the lower jaw
How many paranasal sinuses are there?
4 major sinuses
What are the 4 major sinuses?
Frontal sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Sphenoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
Ethmoid bone has how many plates?
- The cruciform plate and the perpendicular plate.
What is significant of the perpendicular plate ?
It is part of the nasal septum
Describe the nasal septum and its components
Nasal septum has cartilage, vomer bone, and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
What is the palate?
Contains the roof of the mouth, the floor of the nose, and is a partition separating nose from the mouth.
How many bones are in the palate?
4 bones total. 2 maxillary bones and 2 palatine bones
What is the mandible connected to?
The TMJ the temporomandobular joint
What are the names of the joints in the cephalic bones that have no movement?
Sutures
What are the functions of paranasal sinuses ?
Make skull lighter,
change the quality of the voice to make it better and louder,
Smell
What is the hyoid bone?
A U shaped bone that is attached to the tongue. Only bone that doesn’t connect with another bone. Aids in swallowing and speech
How many vertebrae are there?
26 total
C1-C7
T1-T12
L1-L5
1 sacrum and 1 coccyx
Which are the only moveable vertebrae ?
C1-L5
All cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae
What is “atlas” and “axis” ?
C1 and C2 pivot joint. Gives us the ability to move our head
What is primary curvature?
Curvature in thoracic and sacral regions found in newborns. One curve at time of birth
What are secondary curvatures?
4 total curves. Cervical. Thoracic, lumbar. Sacral
What is the sternum
Located on anterior part of bony thorax. Has 3 parts, the manubrium, body and xyphoid process
What does the manubrium contain?
Jugular notch, clavicular notch, sternal angle (line between manubrium and sternum body, it is the landmark for the second ribs)
What is the largest part of the sternum?
The body. Most ribs connect to the body of the sternum
What is the xyphoid process
Cartilage, Landmark for CPR. Can be broken with enough force.
What kind of bones are the ribs and sternum
Flat bones
How many ribs are there?
24 total. 12 pairs
All are attached to thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
How many true ribs are there?
7 pairs of true ribs.
What does true rib mean
Ribs that connect to to the sternum by corral cartilages
What is a false rib
Ribs that do not have their own costal cartilages
What are floating ribs
No attachment to the sternum
How many false rib pairs are there
5 pairs
How many pairs of floating ribs are there?
2 pairs of floating ribs
What are associated bones of the axial skeletal
Hyoid bone and Ear ossicles
What are the ossicles
3 small bones in each ear.
Malleus
Incus
And Stapes
What is the appendicular skeleton
Arms, legs, shoulder and pelvis
What is another name for the shoulder
Pectoral girdle
How many bones are in the shoulder girdle
- The clavicle and scapula
Clavicle bones other name
Collar bones
What is the clavicle
Flat bone which makes joint with sternum (sternoclavicular joint)and scapula (acromioclavicular joint)
What is the scapula
The shoulder blade.
Contains acromion process
Coracoid process
Glenoid cavity
What does the acromion process do?
Makes joint with clavicle
What does the coracoid process do
Muscle attachment
What is the purpose of the glenoid cavity
Makes joint with the head of the humerus. It is a ball and socket joint
What are the pros and cons of the shoulders girdle
Pro: exceptional flexibility
Con: poorly reinforced girdle
What is the humerus
Single bone that makes the upper arm
Second largest and longest bone in the body
What are the components of the humerus
Head
Anatomical Neck
Surgical Neck
Greater and Lesser tubercules
Body / Shaft
Epicondyles
Which parts of the humerus are for muscle attachments
The greater/lesser tubercles
The body and
Epicondyles
What is the difference between the surgical neck and the anatomical neck of the humerus
Surgical neck is the most common place for fracture
Anatomical neck is below the head
What is the Olecranal fossa
A depressed area located in the back diatal part of the bone. Olecranal process of the ulna bone enters to Olecranal fossa
What are the forearm bones
Radius and the ulnar bones
Radius is shorter and thicker. Lateral.
Ulnar is medial. And longer and thinner. Longer due to the olecranal process (point of the elbow)
What are the joints between the radius and ulnar
Proximal and distal radioulnar joints
How bones are in the elbow joint
3 bones. Radius. Ulnar and Humerus. Hinge movement. Only allows 180 degrees
How many wrist(carpal) bones are there
8 bones. Arranged in two rows.
4 proximal and 4 distal
What are metacarpal bones
Bones in the palms. They are 5 long bones. Thumb is the first metacarpal
What are phalanges
Finger bones. 14 in total. 3 in each finger except the thumb. Thumb only has two phalanges
How many coxal bones are in the pelvic bone
2 . Each coxal bone comes from the fusion of three bones
What are the 3 bones that are fused together to create a coxal bone
The ilium
The ischium
The pubis bone
Ilium has the _____ crest and makes joints with the _______
Iliac
Sacrum (sacroiliac joints)
What happens to the ischium to females during vaginal child birth
Expands to allow the head of the child to pass through
What is the joint between the two pubis bones called
The pubis symphysis
What is the upper thigh bone
Femur. Longest and heaviest bone in body.
Head of femur makes joint with the Acetabulum
What is the acetabulum
A socket between the ilium ischium and pubis bones
It is a ball and socket joint
What are the bones of the lower leg
Tibia: shin bone, medial, part of knee joint and weight bearing bone
Fibula: stick like bone , lateral, not weight bearing
What are the bones involved in the knee joint
Femur
Tibia
And patella
Hinge joint. 180 degrees
What are tarsal bones
Ankle bones. 7 short bones
What is the calcaneus bone
Heel bone. Largest bone in the ankle
What is the talus bone
Below the tibia and makes joint with tibia
How many metatarsal bones are there
5 metatarsal bones in the sole of the foot
How many phalanges are there in the foot
14 bones from the toes
How many arches are there in the foot
3 total.
2 longitudinal
1 transverse arch
