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General Biology 1 > Mendelian and molecular genetics > Flashcards

Mendelian and molecular genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

what was the important question did Aristotle attempt to answer?

A

what is the essence of a chicken???

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2
Q

what is formal cause?

A

the structure, essence or pattern that gives a thing its identity

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3
Q

what was the blending theory of inheritance

A

the outdated theory that offspring inherit traits as a simple mix of their parents traits.

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4
Q

who was Gregor Mendel?

A

an Austrian monk credited as the father of genetics. he proposed a ‘particle’ theory of inheritance.

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5
Q

why are peas a good model for studying genetics?

A

controlled process
lots of offspring
short generation times

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6
Q

how was Mendel able to control genetic crosses in his experiment?

A

by studying strong traits.

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7
Q

what is true-breeding?

A

an organism continues to produce the same trait when cross fertilized with itself over many generations.

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8
Q

what is P-generation, f1-generation and F2-generation?

A

P-generation= parent generation
F1-generation= 1st generation
F2-generation= 1st generation crossed with itself.

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9
Q

what is Mendel’s Law of Segregation?

A

-an organism possesses two factors (alleles) for each trait.

-during gamete formation these factors segregate, such that a gamete possesses one factor for each trait.

-Fertilization restores the presence of two factors for each trait in the offspring

– Some factors are ‘dominant’ and mask the effect of ‘recessive’ factors

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10
Q

what does genotype mean

A

refers to the combination to the combination of factors (types of genes)

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11
Q

what does phenotype mean?

A

the type of trait as a result of genotype. ex. tall, short etc.

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12
Q

what does dominant and recessive refer to?

A

recessive and dominant alleles.

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13
Q

what is a dihybrid cross?

A

a genetic breeding experiment where two organisms with two different traits are crossed.

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14
Q

what is Mendel’s law of independent assortment

A

during gamete formation the factors of one trait segregate independently of factors for another trait.

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15
Q

how was Mendels work rediscovered?

A

William Bateson saw de Vries’s publication while completing a paper on ‘Problems of Heredity’ ; then searched out the copy of Mendel’s report in Cambridge University Library.

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16
Q

what did Thomas Morgan do?

A

used fruit flies in his experiments to demonstrate that genes are located on chromosomes, establishing the theory of heredity.

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17
Q

who coined the term ‘gene’ ?

A

Wilhelm Johannsen

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18
Q

what important functions must DNA perform?

A

DNA must copy itself with great fidelity and encode genetic information.

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19
Q

why were scientists interested in the structure of DNA?

A

understanding the structure of DNA allows for the understanding of how genetic information is copied, encoded and passed down through generations. this also allows for a deeper understanding of evolution.

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20
Q

what speculation did Schrodinger make about the structure of DNA?

A

“aperiodic crystal.” he stated that hereditary material is likely to be a molecule which unlike a crystal does not repeat itself, implying its nature allows for an infinite number of combinations with a small number of atoms.

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21
Q

how did Watson and Crick discover the structure of DNA

A

with the x-ray image made by Rosalind Franklin, known as photo 51.

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22
Q

what was Rosalind franklins contribution?

A

she was able to crystalize DNA and x-ray it to photograph DNA.

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23
Q

what is the structure of DNA

A

a double helix nucleotide with 4 nitrogenous bases, Thymine (T) Adenine(A) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

24
Q

what are nucleotides?

A

phosphate sugars with hydrogen bonds connecting them to nitrogenous bases.

25
Q

what is complementary base pairing?

A

the specific pairing of nitrogenous bases (a and t or g and c)

25
Q

which bases are complementary to each other?

A

A and T, G and C

26
Q

how many hydrogen bonds form between each nitrogenous base?

A

3 H bonds

27
Q

what is meant by anti-parallel?

A

each strand in DNA is parallel but moving it opposite directions. one builds up while another builds down.

28
Q

how are the 5’ and 3’ ends distinguished.

A

by numbering the carbons on the bases, with carbon 1’ being closest to the base and carbon 5’ closest to the phosphate.

29
Q

what is the width and electrical charge of a DNA molecule?

A

2nm long. DNA is very negatively charged due to the phosphate and base groups, this negative charge allows it to be separated through gel electrophoresis.

30
Q

what does the Helicase do?

A

Helicase is an enzyme that the DNA strand feeds into to split into 2.

31
Q

what is a replication fork?

A

a replication fork is the shape DNA makes when its fed into the Helicase and splits in two, making a forked shape.

32
Q

what does primase do?

A

an enzyme that creates short RNA sequences called primers, which are essential for DNA replication.

33
Q

what does DNA polymerase do?

A

Polymerase goes on two one of the branches of the replication fork and copies and makes a new strand of DNA.

34
Q

how does replication differ between the leading and lagging strand?

A

the leading strand synthesized continuously in the same direction as the replication forks movement, the lagging strand synthesizes in the opposite direction of the fork in fragments (Okazaki fragments)

35
Q

what are Okazaki fragments?

A

Okazaki fragments are the clumps of synthesized DNA on the lagging strands.

36
Q

what does ligase do?

A

it binds the Okazaki fragments together on the lagging strand.

37
Q
A
37
Q

what is the central dogma of genetics?

A

the central dogma is a theory that genetic information flows only in one direction. DNA→(transcription)RNA→(translation)protein.

38
Q

how do DNA and RNA differ?

A

DNA is double stranded with the bases A T C G.
RNA is single stranded with the bases A U C G.

39
Q

what is transcription?

A

transcription is the process of the RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter (START) making an RNA copy of DNA. this copy is messenger RNA (mRNA)

40
Q

what is translation?

A

translation is the process of decoding mRNA into amino acids during protein synthesis.

41
Q

what are the stages of transcription?

A

initiation, elongation, termination

42
Q

what occurs during initiation?

A

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region.

43
Q

what occurs during elongation?

A

during elongation the polymerase moves along the DNA producing a RNA strand.

44
Q

what is messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

mRNA is a single stranded RNA that comes from DNA synthesis.

45
Q

what are promoter and terminator sequences?

A

the promoter is the START codon and the terminator sequence is the STOP codon.

46
Q

what role is served by the ribosomes?

A

the ribosome reads the mRNA and translates the genetic code into amino acids.

47
Q

what are codons?

A

groups of three mRNA nucleotides that encode a specific amino acid.

48
Q

what is transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

tRNA is a small molecule that serves as a link between the mRNA and the amino chain.

49
Q

how does DNA in eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA differ.

A

prokaryotic: double stranded, circular, single chromosomes.
eukaryotic: double stranded, linear, multiple chromosomes.

50
Q

what are the differences between genotype and phenotype.

A

genotypes represent genomes and while phenotypes describe them.

51
Q

what did Craig Venter do?

A

helped sequence the human genome and created the first artificial genome.

52
Q

what is an operon?

A

A functional genetic unit consisting of genes
and regulatory sequences that control the
expression of one or more genes.

53
Q

who discovered operons?

A

Jacques Mond

54
Q

how do inducible and repressible operons differ?

A

inducible operons can be turned on in the presence of a small molecule, repressible operons are on by default and are turned off by small molecules.

55
Q

What are repressor proteins?

A

A protein that binds to DNA (operon) to turn off gene expression.

General Biology 1 (11 decks)

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