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General Biology 1 > Energy and metabolism > Flashcards

Energy and metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the biological significance of food

A

food is one of the basic necessities of life. it contains the nutrients we need to grow, repair, maintenance and regulate all of our biological processes.

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2
Q

what are dissipative structures? what are some examples?

A

dissipative structures are formed and maintained by a continuous flow of energy and material.

dissipative systems characteristic features only emerge spontaneously in the presence of a flux of energy.

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3
Q

what is the definition of energy ?

A

the ability to preform work or cause change within a living organism.

the ability to move mass a distance, the capacity to do work, and chemical reactions.

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4
Q

what are the 6 characteristics of life

A
  1. complex organization
  2. energy processing
  3. response to stimuli
  4. regulation
  5. growth and development
  6. evolutionary adaption
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5
Q

what is kinetic energy? what are some examples?

A

energy of motion.

heat, light, electricity, movement.

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6
Q

what is potential energy? what are some examples?

A

the energy of position, the energy stored in a stationary object with the potential to become kinetic.

compressed spring, rock on cliff, chemical bonds.

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7
Q

what are the laws of thermodynamics?

A

0: thermal equilibrium forms a basis for the definition of temperature.
1: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted without 100% efficiency.
2: Entropy of the universe is always increasing.
3: Entropy approaches zero as temperature approaches zero.

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8
Q

how efficient is a living cell?

A

40% with 60% lost as heat (thermal energy)

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9
Q

what is ∆G?

A

Gibbs free energy. ∆G combines ∆S and ∆H into a single value, and predicts the direction of equilibrium and reaction spontaneity. (this only works under constant conditions)

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10
Q

what is metabolism? what are the types of reactions involved?

A

the sum of all biochemical reactions in a cell.

they can be either anabolic or catabolic reactions.

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11
Q

what is the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions?

A

Catabolic are decomposition reactions and are exergonic.

Anabolic are synthesis reactions and are endergonic.

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12
Q

what is the difference between ender and exergonic reactions?

A

exergonic (exothermic) reactions release energy, and endergonic (endothermic) require energy.

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13
Q

what is the ∆G difference in exo and endergonic reactions?

A

-∆G is a release of energy, exergonic.

+ ∆G is an absorption of energy, endergonic.

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14
Q

what is energy coupling

A

an open system that never reaches equilibrium due to constant dissipation of energy and raw materials. (energy released from an exergonic process is used to fuel an endergonic process)

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15
Q

what are spontaneous reactions?

A

a reaction that proceeds without external influence or the addition of energy.

the Eq is right leaning and it will happen on its own.

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16
Q

what are some examples of anabolic and catabolic reactions?

A

anabolic: photosynthesis

catabolic: glycolysis, or the digestion of food.

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17
Q

what is the importance of Gibbs free energy?

A

Gibbs free energy is important because it allows us to determine if a reaction will happen. this is helpful because it can be used to predict how much energy is released.

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18
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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19
Q

how does ATP store energy?

A

the energy is stored in ATP through chemical bonds. (potential energy)

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20
Q

how does ATP make energy coupling more efficient?

A

the more efficient the ATP transfer, the less energy is needed overall for continuing reactions.

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21
Q

what is activation energy?

A

activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required for a specific reaction to take place.

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22
Q

how does activation energy relate to the rate/speed of the reaction?

A

activation energy is inverse relationship to the rate/speed of the reaction.

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23
Q

why don’t cells use heat to provide activation energy instead of ATP?

A

cells cant direct heat in any specific temperature which can cause protein denaturation.

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24
Q

what are enzymes? what suffix is used to indicate an enzyme?

A

an enzymes name almost always ends in ase.

an enzyme is a protein molecule that act as catalysts, speeding up the reaction time and lowering activation energy.

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25
Q

how do enzymes catalyze reactions?

A

enzymes catalyze reactions by binding substrates to the active sites.

each type of enzyme catalyzes different reactions. this is due to unique active sites specifically shaped for certain substrates.

26
Q

what is a substrate, active site and product?

A

the substrate for an enzyme are the reactant molecules that lock into the active site. the product is what is formed after this happens.

27
Q

how does enzyme activity relate to protein organization?

A

the function and ability of an enzyme is directly related to the shape of its active site.

since an enzyme is a protein, its directly dependent on its primary, secondary and tertiary structures.

28
Q

how is enzyme activity affected by temperature and pH?

A

since enzymes are proteins, any denaturation will affect the shape of its active site, affecting its function.

29
Q

how can a cell regulate the activity of its enzymes?

A

negative feedback inhibition, through allosteric sites.

30
Q

what is negative feedback inhibition? how does it work in enzymes?

A

in enzymes the product of one enzyme binds to the allosteric site, which changes the shape of the active site. once the active site is changed the substrate can no longer bind, stopping production. (product stops production)

31
Q

what is the relationship between photosynthesis and aerobic respiration?

A

the product of one, is the reactant of another. the two reactions are inverse.

32
Q

what is the overall reaction of aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → CO2 +6H2O + ATP.

33
Q

what are the 4 steps of aerobic cellular respiration

A

glycolysis (present in all organisms)(cytoplasm), transition reaction (matrix), citric acid cycle (matrix), electron transport (inner membrane)

34
Q

what occurs during the redox reaction?

A

redox is electron transfer. one side loses electrons (oxidation) one side gains electrons (reduction)

35
Q

how many ATP are produced during aerobic cellular respiration?

A

36ATP

36
Q

what is the importance of enzyme phosphorylation?

A

phosphorylation is when a phosphate binds to an inactive enzyme causing it to fold into an active shape. the reverse can also happen. it functions as an on/off switch for enzymes.

37
Q

what is the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibition?

A

competitive inhibition is when an artificial inhibitor competes with the substrate to bind to the active site to inhibit production.

non-competitive inhibition is when the inhibitor binds to the allosteric site of the enzyme. this way it is not competing with the substrate.

38
Q

where does each step in aerobic respiration occur?

A

glycolysis (cytoplasm)
transition step (matrix)
citric acid cycle (matrix)
electron transition (inner membrane)

39
Q

what are the structural features of mitochondria?

A

outer membrane.
inner membrane.
cristae (folds)
matrix (inner cytoplasm)

40
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

in the cytoplasm of a cell.

41
Q

why can glycolysis be preformed in all cells?

A

because glycolysis does not require oxygen and it occurs outside of the mitochondria.

42
Q

what is the process of glycolysis? what are the starting and ending materials?

A

hydrogen atoms are removed from glucose and transferred to the electron transport carrier NAD+ forming NADH.

glycolysis has two phases and produces two pyruvate, 4ATP (it uses up 2), 2 NADH.

43
Q

what are electron carriers? what is an example?

A

electron carriers are molecules that act as shuttles that move electrons during metabolic processes.

example NAD+ carrying hydrogens becoming NADH

44
Q

what occurs during the transition reaction? what are the starting and ending materials?

A

the reaction converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA by losing a carbon, producing carbon dioxide and NADH. no ATP is created.

45
Q
A
46
Q

what is electron transfer chain reaction? what are the starting and ending materials?

A

6 NADH, 6O2, and ends with 36-38 ATP and 4H2O and oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

47
Q

how does the electron transport establish an electrochemical gradient?

A

during respiration, the free energy from the redox reactions (glycolysis,transition,citric acid) that make up the transport chain is used to pump H ions across the membrane.

48
Q

what powers ATP synthesis and aerobic respiration?

A

food

49
Q

what is Cellular respiration

A

a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system called oxidative phosphorylation.

50
Q

what role does oxygen serve in the ETC?

A

oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the chain to form water.

51
Q

what roles are played by active transport and diffusion in the ETC?

A

active transport in responsible for creating a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by pumping protons from the matrix.

diffusion then allows the protons to flow back through the ATP synthase generating ATP

52
Q

what is ATP synthase? where is it located?

A

ATP synthase is an enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP.

it sits on the membrane, and the flow of protons rotates the rotary motor allowing it to synthesize products.

53
Q

why do some bacteria use sulfur in the ETC?

A

some bacteria reduce sulfur compounds like H2S as an electron donor to generate energy, especially in environments where oxygen is scarce. almost like breathing sulfur instead of oxygen. this is most common in extreme enviroments.

54
Q

how do aerobic and anerobic metabolism’s differ?

A

aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces a significantly larger amount of energy compared to anerobic respiration. there is also one type of aerobic respiration.

anerobic respiration has multiple different types (like fermentation) and does not require oxygen.

55
Q

what is fermentation?

A

fermentation is the breakdown of a substance by bacteria, fungi (yeast), microorganisms in which sugars are converted into ethyl alcohol.

56
Q

what are the waste products of anerobic metabolism?

A

in animals: lactic acid
in most microorganisms: ethanol and carbon dioxide.

57
Q

what is the importance of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae?

A

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae is bakers yeast, which is used for brewing alcohols, cider and bread.

58
Q

what occurs in the citric acid cycle? what are the starting and ending materials?

A

the citric acid cycle starts with the acetyl acid produced by the transition step. the carbons attached to the CoA enzyme are lost forming 4CO2 and 2ATP.

59
Q

what happens during fermentation?

A

glucose is broken down during glycolysis producing 2ATP and 2NADH. this produces pyruvic acid, then fermented into 2lactic acids OR ethanol and CO2 for fungi.

60
Q
A

General Biology 1 (11 decks)

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