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General Biology 1 > basic topics and classification > Flashcards

basic topics and classification Flashcards

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1
Q

what is biology

A

the study of living organisms, the study of life-including morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin.

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2
Q

why study biology

A

to gain knowledge to understand life, medicine, agriculture and to protect the environment

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3
Q

what is Scientia?

A

Scientia refers to comprehension, understanding, and objective knowledge

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4
Q

what is sapientia

A

sapientia refers to wisdom, subjective understanding of how things operate and decision making.

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5
Q

what are some differences between objective and subjective knowledge

A

objective means its a type of knowledge that can be agreed upon by everyone, regardless of background or context.

subjective refers to knowledge related to the perspective of the individual experiences and in respect to surroundings. (using adjectives instead of numbers)

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6
Q

what is the modeling relation

A

The modeling relation is based on the universally accepted belief that the world has some sort of order associated with it. It depicts the process of assigning interpretations to events in the world in a diagrammatic form. (ie. how we interpreted existence vs how it actually is)( we will never know)

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7
Q

how is science objective

A

science attempts to describe, explain and understand the world in terms that are quantitative and empirical and that can be agreed upon.

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8
Q

what is the scientific method

A

an orderly process of asking questions about the natural world and attempting to answer these questions through experimentation and date collection.

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9
Q

what is mechanism

A

the idea that living things are just highly complex machines and the separation between us and machines is our limited understanding.

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10
Q

what is vitalism

A

the idea that the origin of life is dependent on a force or principle distinct from purely physical or chemical properties.

the idea that for something to be alive it must have/are governed by a life force/soul/spirit/elan vital.

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11
Q

who contributed to the ideas of mechanism and vitalism

A

William Harvey is a prominent contributor to the idea of mechanism when he discovered the complete circulatory system.

Rene Depart is attributed with connecting consciousness with life. i.e. “Cogito Ergo Sum.”

Erwin Schrodinger contributed with his book “what is life” explaining that life is material, energy and information.

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12
Q

what are the characteristics of life?

A

complex organization
energy processing
response to stimuli
regulation
growth, development,
evolutionary adaption

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13
Q

what are some things that separate the living and non-living

A

living things cannot be reassembled or reanimated.

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14
Q

what are emergent properties

A

properties that arise from the interaction of multiple components withing a system, but are not properties of the individual components themselves

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15
Q

what are some examples of emergent properties

A

water-hydrogen and oxygen atoms have different properties than when they form water.

cells-cells have different properties than the organisms they make up.

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16
Q

what is autopoiesis

A

autopoiesis is the idea that life has the capacity to reproduce and regulate itself.

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17
Q

what are some examples of autopoiesis

A

self regulation-your bodies ability to tightly regulate things like blood sugar

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18
Q

what are the levels of complex organization

A

biosphere-ecosystem-community-population-organism-organs-tissue-cell-organelle-molecule.

19
Q

what is energy processing

A

energy processing in the way that living things use energy to perform metabolic activities. this includes growing, reproducing, maintaining structure and responding to the environment.

energy process is possible due to complex organization.

20
Q

why do living things respond to their environments

A

living organisms have evolved to respond to their environment to stay alive, and to improve their chances of survival and reproduction.

21
Q

why do living thing preform regulation

A

living things must perform regulation to maintain extremely complex organized systems. regulation helps maintain a state of equilibrium, and without equilibrium to adapt to their enviroment.

22
Q

what is meant by growth and development

A

growth and adaption refers to how organism adaption to changes in their environment and ecosystem.
these changes can be structural, physiological or behavioral

23
Q

what is evolutionary adaption

A

is long-term, irreversible changes that occur over long periods of time.

24
Q

what are some differences between evolutionary adaption and growth and development

A

evolutionary adaption refers to long term changes over long periods of time.

growth and development refer to changes as well, but are short term and can include behavioral changes.

25
Q

what are the domains of life

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

26
Q

what are the characteristics of bacteria

A

Bacteria are microscopic ,prokaryotic, single celled organism, cell was is made of PGN, they are most abundant life on earth, some cause disease.

27
Q

what are the characteristics of the domain archaea

A

microscopic, prokaryotic, single cell organisms, lives in extreme environments, they do not cause disease or illness.

28
Q

what are the characteristics of the domain Eukarya

A

most are macroscopic, some microscopic, Eukaryotic, can be single or multicellular, four kingdom’s make up this domain.

29
Q

what does prokaryotic mean?

what are some examples of prokaryotes?

A

a prokaryote is any organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles due to absence of internal membranes.

Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms.

30
Q

what are some common bacteria?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes-Strep throat

Escherichia Coli-E.coli

Streptococcus pneumoniae-pneumonia

31
Q

what are some differences between archaea and bacteria

A

Bacteria can cause illnesses, Archaean’s do not.

bacteria cells walls have peptidoglycan, Archaean cell walls do not.

archaean cell walls do not. Bacteria engage in both glycolysis and the Calvin cycle; archaea do not

32
Q

what does eukaryotic mean

A

eukaryotic refers to an organism that has a clearly defined nucleus surrounded by a membrane

33
Q

what are the 5 (sometimes 6) kingdoms of life

A

the 5 kingdoms system holds Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Monera.

the 6 kingdom system splits Monera into 2 groups; Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. the other 4 remain the same.

34
Q

what kingdoms belong to which domains

A

based on the 5 kingdom system,

35
Q

what are some characteristics of the kingdom Animalia

A

Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms without cell walls, heterotrophic (consume other organisms for food), capable of movement, including animals like humans and insects

36
Q

what are some characteristics of the kingdom Plantae

A

Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms with cellulose cell walls, autotrophic (photosynthesize to produce their own food), reproduction is both asexual and sexual, including plants like trees and flowers

37
Q

what are some characteristics of the kingdom Fungi

A

Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with cell walls made of mainly chitin, heterotrophic (feed on decaying organic matter), spore reproduction, non-vascular including mushrooms and molds

38
Q

what are some characteristics of the kingdom Protista

A

Unicellular or multicellular, eukaryotic organisms (with a nucleus), often aquatic, can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic, sexual and asexual reproduction; examples include algae and protozoa.

39
Q

what are some characteristics of the kingdom Monera

A

Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms (lacking a nucleus), asexual or binary fission reproduction, peptidoglycan cell wall, multiple modes of nutrition, including bacteria; most are microscopic and can live in diverse environments.

40
Q

are viruses living or non-living

A

viruses are considered non-living.

without a host cell a virus cant replicate. they also don’t need to consume any form of energy, and it cannot regulate its own temperature. It is only a shell of protein and DNA that can survive indefinitely until it comes in contact with other cells.

41
Q

what hierarchical categories are used to classify life

A

Domain
Kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

42
Q

what is binomial classification

A

binomial classification refers to a system of naming living organisms where each species is given a two-part scientific name, with the first part identifying the genus and the second part specifying the species itself. i.e. Homo Sapiens

43
Q

what is the scientific name for modern humans

A

Homo Sapien
(binomial classification)

General Biology 1 (11 decks)

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