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General Biology 1 > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

what are hydrocarbons

A

an organic compound with carbons and hydrogens as chief components

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2
Q

what are hydrocarbon skeletons

A

the spine of the molecule that consists of carbons with hydrogens attached. most biomolecules (organic) has this. they are also non-polar

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3
Q

what are some examples of a hydrocarbon

A

propane
butane
isobutane
benzene
cyclohexane
1-butane

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4
Q

why are hydrocarbons generally hydrophobic and non-polar

A

hydrocarbons are generally non-polar due the little electronegative difference between carbons and hydrogens. there is so little movement of electrons that hydrocarbons are inert compared to other functional groups.

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5
Q

what chemical feature do hydrocarbons share

A

they are biomolecules with carbons spines with hydrogens attached (hydrocarbon skeleton)

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6
Q

what are functional groups

A

functional groups are specific clusters of atoms that when attach to other molecules (often hydrocarbons) gives it its characteristic chemical properties.

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7
Q

how many functional groups are there? what are the primary groups

A

there are over 100 different functional groups. the primary are Hydroxyl, Sulfhydryl, Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate

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8
Q

what are the primary function groups found in

A

hydroxyl, carbohydrates
sulfhydryl, proteins
amino, proteins
phosphate, DNA and ATP

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9
Q

what are polymers and monomers

A

Polymers are large molecules made up of smaller molecules called monomers that are linked together in chains or networks.

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10
Q

what are some examples of polymers and their subunits (monomers)

A

carbohydrates-saccharides
proteins-amino acids
lipids-fatty acids
nucleic acids-nucleotides

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11
Q

what does a polymers usually consists of

A

hydrogen on one end, the subunit in the middle, and a hydroxide on the other end.

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12
Q

what is dehydration synthesis

A

dehydration synthesis is a reaction in which polymers are assembled from subunit molecules.
the OH on one end of a monomer combines with the H on another end to make water and allows both ends to bond.

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13
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

a process by which polymers are disassembled into subunit molecules (monomers).
water breaks a bond and OH goes to one end of the new subunit and H on the other subunit end,

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14
Q

what is an example of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

A

synthesis- formation of disaccharides from monosaccharides in carbohydrates.
Hydrolysis- the dissolving of sugar into its components glucose and fructose

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15
Q

what are the properties does the hydroxyl group give

A

polarity, hydrophilicity

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16
Q

what are carbohydrates? what are their characteristics

A

-carbohydrates are longs chains (polymers) of saccharides (sugar).
-they provide short term energy storage in the form of glycogen and starch
-they provide structure in the form of chitin and cellulose
-cell recognition for blood types

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17
Q

what are some different mono, di and polysaccharides carbohydrates

A

-monosaccharides :
glucose, fructose, ribose
-Disaccharides :
maltose, sucrose, lactose
-polysaccharides :
glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin

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18
Q

what is the difference between a monosaccharide and a disaccharide

A

a monosaccharide is a single sugar molecule while a disaccharide is two monosaccharides linked together (double sugar)

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19
Q

what is the difference between a polymer and polysaccharides

A

polymers are just chains of any type of molecule. polysaccharides are polymers of saccharides (sugars).

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20
Q

how much energy is stored in a gram of carbohydrate

A

4kcal/g

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21
Q

what are proteins? what are some characteristics

A

proteins are polymers of amino acids (there are 20 different kinds).
proteins can provide structure through collagen (cartilage), mobility through myosin (muscle), enzymes like lactase, regulate hormones through insulin (blood sugar regulation), membrane transport, immunity through antibodies, and long term energy.

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22
Q

what is the molecular structure of glucose

A

glucose has a molecular formula of C6H12O6 and forms in a hexagonal shape

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23
Q

what are the differences and similarities in starch and cellulose.

A

starch is primarily used for energy storage, cellulose is used for structure and support. both polysaccharides found in plants.

24
Q

what are some differences and similarities between chitin and glycogen

A

glycogen is a storage food of animals, chitin serves as a structural component in fungi, arthropods and insects.

25
Q

what is the general structure of an amino acid

A

an amino acid consists of an amino group, a carboxyl group and and a vertical R-C-H chain in the middle.
the side chain determines the type of amino acid.

26
Q

how many naturally occurring amino acids are found in proteins

A

there are 20 naturally occurring amino acids

27
Q

what features distinguish different types of amino acids

A

the primary feature that distinguishes amino acids is their “side chain” also known as the “R-group”, which is the vertical chain in-between the carboxyl group and the amino group.

28
Q

what is a peptide

A

a peptide is a short chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

29
Q

what is a peptide bond

A

a peptide bond is a covalent bond that links two amino acids together, forming the backbone of proteins.

30
Q

how does a peptide bond form

A

a peptide bond forms when a carboxyl groups of one amino acid reacts with an amino group of another amino acid, releasing a water molecule (dehydration synthesis) linking them together.

31
Q

what is the importance of the protein shape

A

the shape of the protein directly determines its function, allowing it to interact with with specific molecules within the cell based on its unique 3d structure.

32
Q

what are the levels of protein organization

A

primary (sequence of a chain of amino acids), secondary (folding of the chain into helices or sheets), tertiary (3d folding of other shapes into a jumble), quaternary (even more so)

33
Q

what are alpha-helixes and beta sheets

A

alpha-helixes and beta sheets refer to secondary amino acid structure, with the alpha helix being a flat spiral and beta sheets being flat wavy chains.

34
Q

what types of bonds stabilize secondary structures

A

secondary structures (like alpha helixes and beta sheet) are stabilized primarily through hydrogen bonding between atoms of the backbone.

35
Q

what types of bonds stabilize tertiary structures

A

disulphide, ionic and hydrophobic bonds provide stabilization to tertiary structures

36
Q

what is denaturation

A

denaturation is the reprocess of breaking down, unfolding of a proteins structure. this generally leaves the molecule non-functional.

37
Q

what causes denaturation

A

denaturation can be caused by heat, chemical action, pH, salt concentration or agitation causing it to unfold or its polypeptide chains to become disordered, generally leaving the molecule non-functional.

38
Q

what are lipids

A

lipids are fatty, waxy or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents.

39
Q

who discovered the 3D structure of proteins

A

Linus Pauling

40
Q

what connects amino acids? what connects proteins?

A

polypeptide bonds connect amino acids. amino acids connects proteins.

41
Q

what are some characteristics of lipids

A

long-term energy storage (9kcal/g), insulation (fat, thermal, physical, electrical), membrane structure (phospholipids), hormones (estrogen and testosterone)

42
Q

why are lipids good for long term energy storage

A

lipids are non-polar molecules that can pack tightly together without requiring additional water molecules, allowing for a lot to be stored in a small space.

43
Q

what is the basic structure of a fatty acids

A

generally a fatty acid consists of a straight chain of an even number of carbon with hydrogen atoms along the length and at one end with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at the other end.

44
Q

What’s the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

A

saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond.

45
Q

what is triglyceride

A

triglycerides are the most common type of fat in the body. They are found in blood.

46
Q

how do triglycerides form? what is the general structure of a triglyceride

A

triglycerides consist of three fatty acid chains linked by the molecule glycerol.

When you consume food, enzymes in your gut break down fats into their component fatty acids, which are then reassembled into triglyceride particles.

47
Q

what are saturated fats solid and unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature

A

despite the double bonds present in unsaturated fats, the shape of the double bonds take up more space, not allowing the molecules to be as closely packed together, lowering its melting point.

the exact opposite is true for saturated fats. the lack of double bonds allows more chains to compress in a smaller areas, elevating the melting point.

48
Q

what is the structure of a phospholipid

A

phospholipids consist of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group modified by an alchohol.

the fatty acids chains are uncharged and non-polar. the heads are are polar and hydrophilic.

49
Q

what is the difference between a lipid and a phospholipid

A

all phospholipids are lipids, but phospholipids are a type of lipid

50
Q

what are alkanes? what is the suffix?

A

saturated hydrocarbons (hydrocarbons with no pi bonds)

-ane.

51
Q

what are compounds without a functional group called?

A

Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

52
Q

what is the difference between alkanes and cycloalkanes

A

alkanes have straight chains and cycloalkanes have rings of carbons giving them cyclic structure

53
Q

what is a parent chain?

A

the longest chain within an alkane with the most substituents.

54
Q

what are substituents?

A

substituents are branches connected to the parent chain.

55
Q
A

General Biology 1 (11 decks)

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