cell structure and function

Question 1

who discovered the cell wall and coined the term

Answer 1

Robert Hooke pioneered the field of microscopy. Published ‘Micrographic’ in 1664

Question 2

what are three principles of cells theory

Answer 2

-cells are the smallest units of life
-all living things are made up of cells
-all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Question 3

what are the smallest cells

Answer 3

prokaryotic cells. pro-kary- coming before.

Question 4

what are some characteristic of Eukaryotic cells

Answer 4

microscopic. highly compartmentalized, nucleus. much more active and complex functions (metabolism, regulation etc.) they have a nucleus, plants and some fungi have cell walls

Question 5

are plant cells eukaryotic

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

what are some differences between plant and animal cells

Answer 6

plants cells have cells wall, and chloroplasts (photosynthesis).

Question 7

what are the main components of a bacterial cell wall

Answer 7

bacterial cell walls are primarily made of peptidoglycan

Question 8

how does penicillin work

Answer 8

penicillin in an antibiotic. It functions by damaging a bacteria’s cell wall by preventing the production of peptidoglycan, leaving the cell weak.

Question 9

why are cells so small

Answer 9

cells are small because their size maximizes the surface area to volume ratio, allowing for efficient exchange of nutrients, waste, and other molecules.

this is because smaller cells can more easily take in/expel molecules compared to larger cells due to the larger relative surface area available for diffusion.

Question 10

what are characteristics of prokaryotic cells

Answer 10

-no nucleus
-no mitochondria
no Golgi bodies
-no chloroplasts
-no lysosomes
-they have a cell wall

Question 11

what are some characteristics of every cell?

Answer 11

-cytoplasm
-plasma membrane
-one or more chromosomes
-ribosomes

Question 12

where is DNA stored in a cell without a nucleus

Answer 12

DNA is stored in a region called the nucleoid.

Question 13

what is the difference between a cell membrane and a cell wall

Answer 13

• a cell wall is a rigid outer layer found in plants and some fungi and bacteria. It can be made of pectin, chitin, lignin, glycoproteins, glycolipids, and cellulose.
• a cell membrane is present in all cells and is flexible, semi-permeable barrier that surrounds the entire cell.

the cell wall provides protection and structure, while the membrane controls what enters and exits the cell.

Question 14

what are some examples of prokaryotic cells

Answer 14

bacteria like E.coli, strep throat, cyanobacteria, algae and some archaea’s.

Question 15

why are eukaryotic cells much more complex and organized

Answer 15

they have membrane bound organelles which allow for special complex compartmentalization and many more functions.

Question 16

what are organelles

Answer 16

an organelle is a subcellular that preforms one or more specific functions withing a cell, similar to how our own organs function in our body.

Question 17

what is a nuclear envelope

Answer 17

a nuclear envelope is a double membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, separating the nuclear contents from the cytoplasm and acting as a barrier that regulates the movement of molecules.

Question 18

what is chromatin

Answer 18

chromatin is a mixture of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes.

Question 19

what are nuclear pores and why are they needed

Answer 19

the nuclear pore is a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Question 20

what is the composition of cytoplasm

Answer 20

cytoplasm is primarily composed of water, salts, various organic molecules like enzymes.

Question 21

what are ribosomes

Answer 21

a ribosome is an intercellular structure made of RNA and protein, it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

Question 22

what do ribosomes do? are they anchored or free in the cytoplasm

Answer 22

ribosomes assembles amino acids into polypeptides through dehydration synthesis. then those polypeptides are folded into proteins and transported through vesicles.

they can be free in cytoplasm or anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 23

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 23

the ER is a network of folded sacks and tubes in the cytoplasm and can be smooth or rough.

Question 24

what is the difference between smooth and rough ER

Answer 24

rough ER has has many ribosomes on its outer surface and makes proteins the cell needs. smooth ER makes other substances like lipids and carbohydrates and has a smooth surface.

Question 25

what is the Golgi apparatus

Answer 25

the Golgi apparatus is an organelle that processes and packages proteins and lipids for inside and outside the sell

Question 26

what are lysosomes? what do they do

Answer 26

lysosome is a membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes.

the lysosome functions almost as an opposite than ribosomes. one breaks down, one synthesizes.

Question 27

what are mitochondria? what do they do

Answer 27

mitochondria are organelles that produce most of the energy that
the cells use to function.

the chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Question 28

what is the chemical process of cellular respiration

Answer 28

cellular respiration is a process by which glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy stored as ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)

Question 29

where does the glucose come from in cellular respiration.

Answer 29

glucose comes from the food we eat which is broken down and rearranged into glucose during digestion. it is then absorbed into the blood stream for cells to use for energy production and storage.

Question 30

what are some characteristics of chloroplasts

Answer 30

chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells. It contains high amounts of the green pigment, chlorophyl. Chloroplasts are the organelle responsible for photosynthesis.

Question 31

what is the chemical process of photosynthesis

Answer 31

the chemical process of photosynthesis is the opposite of what a mitochondria does.

It uses carbon dioxide, water, energy from sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen.

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 32

what are vacuoles? how do vacuoles in plant and animal cells differ.

Answer 32

vacuoles are membrane bound organelles founding plants and animals.

In plants, vacuoles can take up most of the space in the cell, and water may be a waste material, so in planta it regulates water.

In animals they function closer to lysosomes because they break down, store and regulate waste.

Question 33

what is the cytoskeleton

Answer 33

the cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers that provide structure and maintain the shape of cells. It also enables the cell to move in response to stimuli.

Question 34

what are cilia, flagella, and pseudopods

Answer 34

tiny hair-like structures that protrude from the surface of cells. they the cell move, sense the environment.

a hair-like structure which functions as a whip that allows a cell to move.

pseudopods are closer to false feet. they also provide movement, and the capture of prey.

Question 35

what are membranes

Answer 35

thin layers of either lipids and proteins, or tissues that help protect inner contents or regulate the exchange of particles through diffusion and osmosis

Question 36

which transport mechanisms are passive and active?

Answer 36

passive transports include simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.

Active transport include sodium-potassium pump, endocytosis and exocytosis.

Question 37

what is the fluid mosaic model

Answer 37

the fluid mosaic model is a scientific model that shows the structure and function of cell membranes. It shows a “mosaic” of each of the cell membranes features.

Question 38

why are phospholipids able to form membranes

Answer 38

because of their composition and structure, they are have both polar and non-polar features. Because of their tails being non-polar, or hydrophobic they arrange themselves as to where their tails are apart of the inner membrane, protected from water.

Question 39

what are glycolipids and glycoproteins

Answer 39

glycolipids are lipids with carbohydrates attached.

glycoproteins are proteins with carbohydrate sugars attached.

Question 40

what do carbohydrates do in the cell membrane? where are they found

Answer 40

carbohydrates are found on the outside of the cell with lipids and proteins.

they aid in cell recognition by acting as a marker that allow other cells to recognize each other. this also impacts the recognition of blood types. They also provide protection.