memory models

Question 1

what are the two memory models?

Answer 1

Atkinson and Shiffren’s multi-store memory model. 1968
Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing model. 1972

Question 2

what are the main parts of the multi-store memory model?

Answer 2

sensory store, then attention occurs leading to short term memory store then rehearsal occurs.
then transfer occurs and information moves to long term memory.
information can be lost at any stage.

Question 3

what’s selective attention?

Answer 3

when you only focus on relevant information and disregard any irrelevant information

Question 4

what happens in the sensory memory store?

Answer 4

selective attention occurs
has a large capacity
only filters information for up to 1 second

Question 5

what happens in the short term memory store?

Answer 5

can only store 5-9 pieces of information
stores information for up to 30 seconds
information is organised by chunking and processed
comparison is made with long term memory and response is selected to put into action via a motor programme

Question 6

what happens in the long term memory store?

Answer 6

limitless capacity
hold information for long periods of time
only stores rehearsed and meaningful information
information is encoded to store in LTM and decoded to send back to STM for action.
if the skill is more rehearsed, it becomes more recognisable and automatic

Question 7

what are the main parts of the level of processing model?

Answer 7

structural, phonetic, semantic (in order of increasing chance of remembering)

Question 8

what’s the structural level of processing?

Answer 8

this is paying attention to what the words look like and is a shallow level of processing. eg. watching a demonstration

Question 9

what’s the phonetic level of processing?

Answer 9

the way words sound and is a deeper level of processing than structural. eg. having a go at the skill

Question 10

what’s the somatic level of processing?

Answer 10

this considers the actual meaning of the information and is the deepest form of processing. eg. understanding why the skill is important to you

Question 11

why is the level of processing model useful?

Answer 11

it explains how the memory works
information received by the brain will be transferred to the LTM if considered understood and has meaning.

Question 12

what’s depth of processing?

Answer 12

how much information is considered

Question 13

what’s memory trace?

Answer 13

when the brain retains or stores information
the deeper the information is processed, the longer the ‘memory trace’ will last

Question 14

strategies to improve memory storage

Answer 14

rehearsal
chunking of information
use of mental preparation
meaningful and relevant information
making information more interesting
association/ linking experiences
positive feedback/ reinforcement
chaining/ sequencing

Question 15

why does chunking of information improve memory storage?

Answer 15

can extend the capacity of the STM
minimise the number of complexity of stimuli
makes it easier for information retention
information is stored in smaller amounts

Question 16

how does the use of mental preparation improve memory storage?

Answer 16

thinking through routines or patterns of movement
developing mental strategies such as imagery, meditation, hypnosis

Question 17

advantages of the multi-store memory store

Answer 17

-simplifies the memory process to aid understanding
-explains how those with brain damage, may have dysfunctional memory or amnesia, showing a distinction between STM and LTM
-Explains how an individual can deal with large amounts of info.
-Gives a realistic answer to how an individual filters lots of information that they take in (from their surroundings) i.e. with sensory memory filtering information before it enters the STM

Question 18

disadvantages of the multi-store memory model

Answer 18

too simplified- doesn’t explain why we remember different types of information

Question 19

advantages of the levels of processing model

Answer 19

explains why if we understand something we’re more likely to remember it
the longer we consider and analyse information, the more we remember that information

Question 20

disadvantages of the levels of processing model

Answer 20

the longer the time it takes to process information doesn’t always lead to better recall so depth of processing doesn’t always help us remember
difficult defining what deep processing is
doesn’t take into account individual differences

Question 21

Identify strategies for helping a performer to retain more information in the memory.

Answer 21

1. Chunking / grouping
2. Rehearsal / practice / repetition
3. Association / linking
4. Relevant / meaningful
5. Avoid overload