aggression Flashcards
whats aggression?
any behaviour that is intended to harm another individual by physical or verbal means
what are the three types of aggression?
hostile aggression
instrumental aggression
assertion
what’s hostile aggression?
the prime motive is to harm an opponent and inflict injury
it’s outside the rules of the game
involves anger and is often detrimental to performance
what’s instrumental aggression?
an action that is within the laws of the game, with the prime motive being successfully executing the skill but there is still the intention to harm
what’s assertion?
doesn’t involve the attention to harm and is within the rules of the game
robust functional play with the main focus being successful completion of the skill. known as ‘channelled aggression’
what are some causes of aggression in sport?
rivalry
drug use
personality/ genetics
officials decisions
retaliation
part of the sport
crowd
pressure of event
over aroused
frustration
poor performance
what are the four theories of aggression?
instinct theory
social learning theory
frustration-aggression hypothesis
aggression cue hypothesis
what’s the instinct theory of aggression?
a trait view
states aggression is a natural response, it’s genetically inherited and that a trait of violence lies within everyone ‘death instinct’.
aggressive energy is constantly building up and needs to be released through a anti-social act or via sport
disadvantages of the instinct theory of aggression
doesn’t explain how some individuals show little aggression
doesn’t explain how environment can lead to aggression
what’s the social learning theory of aggression?
states aggression is a learned response nurtured through environmental factors
it can be learned by watching and copying significant others/ role models being aggressive and if reinforced, become excepted mode of behaviour
sometimes people are encouraged to transgress the rules when rewards outweigh punishments
example of the social learning theory of aggression
fouling someone in rugby so the opposition get a penalty instead of a try.
what’s the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
its an interactionist theory devised by Dollard
there is a drive to a goal (motivation to achieve this)
frustration develops when goal directed behaviour is blocked (obstacle to goal)
frustration could occur through environmental situations such as defeat, good opposition or poor officiating this triggers the aggressive gene
if the aggressive act is successful, frustration is released (catharsis)
if aggression fails and results in punishment, further frustration is generated
disadvantages of the frustration-aggression hypothesis
implies that aggression is a result of frustration whereas certain sports require aggression eg. boxing
doesn’t explain how aggression can be formed by role models and how certain people have different levels of aggression in the same situation
what’s the aggressive cue hypothesis?
interactionist approach developed by Berkowitz
frustration leads to increased arousal
if there is a presence of aggressive cues eg. unfairness, nature of game, weapons then there’s an increased chance of aggression
if there’s an absence of aggressive cues then there’s a decreased chance of aggression.
what are ways of controlling or eliminating aggression in sport?
non aggressive role models
stress management techniques
punishments for aggressive behaviour
praise for non aggressive behaviour
limit alcohol and drug use
identify potential causes
selective attention to block out aggressive cues
reducing arousal
